! Fundamentals of Maritime Operations Netherlands maritime military doctrine Fundamentals of maritime operations Contents Special subject index 8 2. MAN AND THE MARITIME DOMAIN 38 2.1 Introduction 38 Memorandum of approval by the Chief of Defence 10 2.2 Man’s use of the maritime domain 38 2.2.1 The sea as a source of food, raw materials and energy 38 Introduction by the Commander of the Royal Netherlands Navy 11 2.2.2 The sea as a means for transport, trade and communication 39 2.2.3 The sea as a natural environment and habitat 40 Introduction 13 2.2.4 The sea as an area in which to exercise power 41 2.3 The maritime domain as global commons 41 PART 1 - THE MARITIME DOMAIN 18 2.4 The boundaries of the high seas: 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 42 2.4.1 Jurisdiction in the diRerent sea zones 43 2.4.2 Duty to render assistance 48 1. NATURAL FEATURES OF THE MARITIME DOMAIN 19 2.4.3 Freedoms and restrictions for maritime operations 49 1.1 Introduction 19 2.4.4 Law enforcement: maritime tasks derived from UNCLOS 50 1.2 The world’s seas and oceans 19 2.5 Agreements for safe use of the maritime domain 52 1.2.1 Seawater 19 2.5.1 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 52 1.2.2 Marine life 25 2.5.2 International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue 54 1.2.3 The ocean <oor 26 2.5.3 Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 56 1.2.4 The sea surface 27 2.5.4 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 57 1.2.5 The air above the sea 31 2.5.5 Agreements for safe use of the airspace above the sea 58 1.3 Marginal seas, liDoral waters and shoreline 33 2.6 Agreements for law enforcement and crime ]ghting 59 1.3.1 The seawater in liDoral waters 33 2.6.1 Counter-drug-tra_cking agreements 59 1.3.2 The <oor of marginal seas and liDoral waters 35 2.6.2 International agreements on maritime counter-terrorism 60 1.3.3 The surface of marginal seas and liDoral waters 35 2.6.3 Agreements to counter illegal immigration 61 1.3.4 The coast 36 2.7 Agreements for use of the sea for exercising power and for warfare 62 1.3.5 Estuaries and rivers 36 2.7.1 Agreements applicable to maritime operations in armed con<ict: the San Remo Manual 62 1.4 Man and the characteristics of the sea 36 2.7.2 Agreements for maritime operations outside times of war 65 1.5 Summary 37 2.8 Summary 65 Fundamentals of maritime operations 2 3. MILITARY USE OF THE MARITIME DOMAIN 67 PART 2 - FUNCTIONS IN MARITIME OPERATIONS 94 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Strategic interests and power 67 4. MARITIME OPERATIONS – FUNCTIONS, LEVELS AND PRINCIPLES 95 3.2.1 National interests and strategic objectives 67 4.1 Introduction 95 3.2.2 Instruments of power 68 4.2 Joint functions 95 3.2.3 National security policy and national security strategy 69 4.3 Levels of military operations 96 3.2.4 International security cooperation 71 4.4 Principles of military operations 98 3.2.5 Defence policy and military strategy: tasks for the armed forces 71 4.5 Maritime interpretation of the joint functions 100 3.3 Strategic functions 74 3.4 Strategic functions of maritime operations 76 5. MARITIME COMMAND AND CONTROL 101 3.4.1 Anticipation 76 5.1 Introduction 101 3.4.2 Prevention 78 5.2 Levels of maritime C2 101 3.4.3 Coercion 80 5.3 Command authorities and transfer of command 103 3.4.4 Protection 81 5.4 Methods of command and control 106 3.4.5 Intervention 82 5.5 Command and control as a process 107 3.4.6 Stabilisation 85 5.5.1 Planning and issuance of orders 107 3.4.7 Normalisation 86 5.5.2 Directing the execution 109 3.5 Support and collaboration in maritime operations 87 5.5.3 Assessment and reporting 110 3.5.1 Air support 87 5.6 Organising the maritime component 112 3.5.2 Intelligence 88 5.7 Maritime tactical C2: the warfare organisation 114 3.5.3 Logistics 88 5.8 C2 in speci]c operations and units 115 3.5.4 Law enforcement and monitoring of regulations 88 5.8.1 C2 in amphibious operations 116 3.5.5 Civil shipping 89 5.8.2 C2 in submarine operations 117 3.6 Characteristics of maritime operations 91 5.8.3 C2 in the employment of (unmanned) aircraa and helicopters 118 3.6.1 Mobility and access 91 5.8.4 C2 in employment of special operations forces 120 3.6.2 In<uence 91 5.8.5 C2 in cooperation with and employment of civil shipping 120 3.6.3 Sustained reach 91 5.9 Support relationships 120 3.6.4 Versatility 92 5.9.1 Support relationships between groups of units 121 3.7 Summary 93 5.9.2 Support relationships with individual units 121 Fundamentals of maritime operations 3 5.10 Maritime headquarters and command facilities 122 6.8 Maritime picture compilation 163 5.11 Maritime C2 and communications systems 125 6.8.1 Picture compilation by ships, submarines and aircraa 164 5.11.1 Maritime C2 systems 125 6.8.2 Picture compilation by teams 172 5.11.2 Maritime communication systems 129 6.9 Integrated maritime situational awareness (MSA) 176 6.9.1 National exchange of civil maritime data and intelligence 176 6. MARITIME INTELLIGENCE AND PICTURE COMPILATION 133 6.9.2 International exchange of civil maritime data and intelligence 176 6.1 Introduction 133 6.9.3 Exchange of civil maritime data during maritime operations 177 6.2 Data, information and intelligence 134 6.2.1 Value of data 135 7. MARITIME FORCE PROTECTION 178 6.2.2 Fixed and variable data: the time factor 136 7.1 Introduction 178 6.2.3 Data processing 137 7.2 Causes and eRects of threats and hazards 179 6.2.4 Information requirement 138 7.2.1 Causes 179 6.3 The building blocks of situational awareness 138 7.2.2 ERects 180 6.3.1 Data relating to the natural environment 138 7.3 Principles of force protection 180 6.3.2 Data relating to human activity 139 7.4 Risk management 181 6.4 Picture compilation: COP, RMP and ISR 144 7.4.1 Risk management as a process 182 6.5 Data relating to own and friendly forces and units 145 7.4.2 DiRerent forms of risk management 182 6.6 Recognised environmental picture 146 7.4.3 Protective measures 184 6.6.1 Collection and processing of current data relating to the maritime environment 147 7.4.4 Detection, warning and reporting 187 6.6.2 Predicting the eRects of the natural environment 148 7.5 The four forms of protection 188 6.6.3 Presentation of data relating to the maritime environment 150 7.5.1 Safety 188 6.6.4 Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) 151 7.5.2 Prevention of mutual interference 189 6.7 Maritime intelligence 152 7.5.3 Military security and defence 189 6.7.1 Levels of intelligence 153 7.6 Maritime safety 190 6.7.2 Types of intelligence 153 7.6.1 Management of safety risks in maritime operations 190 6.7.3 Sources and collection methods 154 7.7 Prevention of mutual interference 192 6.7.4 The intelligence process 156 7.7.1 Prevention of physical interference under water 193 6.7.5 Intelligence organisation and the intelligence chain 160 7.7.2 Prevention of physical interference in the air, on water and on land 193 6.7.6 Position and role of the national intelligence services 162 7.7.3 Prevention of electromagnetic and acoustic interference 194 Fundamentals of maritime operations 4 7.8 Maritime security 196 8.5 Personnel support 246 7.8.1 Integral security in maritime operations 196 8.5.1 Operational health care 247 7.8.2 Physical security in maritime operations 199 8.5.2 Psychological care 253 7.8.3 Information protection in maritime operations 202 8.6 Supply 254 7.9 Maritime defence 206 8.6.1 Norms for supply in maritime operations 256 7.9.1 Principles of maritime defence 208 8.6.2 Replenishment at sea 258 7.9.2 Defence against submarines and torpedoes 210 8.7 Maintenance and repair 260 7.9.3 Maritime air defence 213 8.7.1 Maintenance 260 7.9.4 Defence against surface ships 215 8.7.2 BaDle damage repair 261 7.9.5 Defence against physical land-based threats 217 8.8 Movement and transportation 262 7.9.6 Defence against sea mines 218 8.8.1 General 262 7.9.7 Defence against (improvised) explosives 219 8.8.2 Logistic movements for maritime operations 264 7.9.8 Maritime CBRN defence 222 8.8.3 Maritime logistic movements for other forms of operation 265 7.9.9 Defence against electronic warfare 224 8.9 Infrastructure 265 7.9.10 Defence against information activities and digital warfare 224 8.10 Logistic services 266 7.10 Use of force in security and defence 225 8.11 Roulement and relief 267 7.11 Damage control and repair 228 7.11.1 Damage control and repair on board ships and aircraa 228 9.