Notes Preface 1. English translation: Centuries of Childhood (Harmondsworth, 1986). On Aries's theses see particularly Chapter 6 and Conclusion below. 1: Introduction: History of Childhood in Islam 1. F. Rosenthal, 'Child psychology in Islam', Islamic Culture26(I952), p. 2. 2. L. DeMause, 'What is psychohistory?', TheJournal ofPsychohistary 9 (1981), pp. 181, 183. 3. L. DeMause, 'The evolution of childhood' in L. DeMause (ed.), The Histary of Childhood (New York, 1974), p. 3. See also: D. Hunt, Parents and Children in History: The Psychology ofFamily Life in Early Modem France (New York and London, 1970), pp. 15-17 (on Erik Erikson's theory of psycho-social development). 4. DeMause, ibid, p. 2. 5. Ibn Khaldiin, al-Muqaddima (ed. M. Quatremere) (Paris, 1858), pt III, Ch. 39 [English translation by F. Rosenthal (Princeton, 1967) ]. See below, Chapter 5. 6. S. Wilson, 'The myth of motherhood a myth: the historical view of Euro­ pean child-rearing', Social History 9(1984), p. 182. 7. See, for instance, above, note I and also H. Motzki, 'Das Kind und seine Sozialisation in der islamischen Familie des Mittelalters', in J. Martin and A. Nitscke ( eds), Zur Socialgeschichte der Kindheit (Munich, 1986), pp. 391-441; id., 'Muslimische Kinderehen in Palastina wahrend des 17. Jahrhunderts: Fatiiwa als Quelien zur Socialgeschichte', Die Welt des !slams 27 ( 1987), pp. 82-90; G. Adamek, Das Kleinkind in Glaube und Sitte der Araberim Mittelalter (PhD thesis submitted to Bonn University, 1968). For an introduction to Family History in Islam see Th. Bianquis, 'La famille en Islam arabe', in A. Burguiere et al. ( eds), Histoire de la Fa mille (Paris, 1986), pp. 557-601. 8. Baghdad, 1979. 9. L. Pollock, Forgotten Children: Parent-Child Relations from 1500 to 1900 (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 22-3, 43-9; L. Demaitre, 'The idea of child­ hood and child care in medical writings of the Middle Ages', The Journal of Psychohistary 4(1976), pp. 461-2; M.M. McLaughlin, 'Survivors and surrogates: children and parents from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries', in L. DeMause ( ed.), The Histary of Childhood (New York, 1974), pp. 102, 136; Ph. Aries, Centuries of Childhood, pp. 31-47; R. B. Lyman, 'Barbarism and religion: Late Roman and early medieval childhood', in L. DeMause (ed.), TheHistary ofChildhood, pp. 78-80, 88; M. Goodich, 'Encyclopaedic literature: Child-rearing in the Middle Ages', Histary of Education 12(1983), esp. pp. l-3; Wilson, ibid., p. 191. 10. Sh. Shahar, 'Infants, infant care and attitudes towards infancy in medi­ eval Lives of Saints', The Journal of Psychohistary 10(1983), pp. 281, 295; B.A. Hanawalt, 'Child-rearing among the lower classes of late medieval 120 Notes to Chapter 1 121 England', journal of Interdisciplinary History 8 ( 1977), pp. 1-3; E. Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou (Harmondsworth, 1984), pp. VII-XVII, 204-21; McLaughlin, 'Survivors and surrogates', pp. 101-2, 105-6; Pollock, Forgotten Children, pp. 68-9. 11. E.M. Sartain, jaliil al-Din al-Suyu(i, Vol. 1: 'Biography and Background' (Cambridge, 1975), p. 137. And see, for instance, The Life of Ibn Sinii, edited and translated by W. E. Gohlman (Albany, 1974), pp. 16-32; Abii I;Iamid MuJ:!ammad al-Ghazali, al-Munqidh min al-cf,aliil, French translation by F. Jahre (Beirut, 1959), Introduction, pp. 25-7; Usama b. Munqidh, Kitiib al-i 'tibiir, English translation by P. Hitti under the title An Arab- Syrian Gentleman and Warrior (New York, 1929), Introduction and Table of Contents; R. Erwin, 'Driven by women' (a review article on Amin Maaloufs Leo the African) The Times Literary Supplement 26.8-1.9 1988, p. 928. 12. Sartain, ibid. and see also H.A.R. Gibb, 'Islamic biographical literature', in B. Lewis and P.M. Holt ( eds), Historians of the Middle East (Oxford, 1962), pp. 56-7. 13. Adamek, Das Kleinkind, pp. 18-20. Arabic biographies have been partly utilised for studies of history of Muslim education but mainly 'higher', not 'elementary' education. See, for instance, Munir ud-Din AJ:!mad, Muslim Education and the Scholars' Social Status up to the 5th Century Muslim Era in the Light of Ta'rikh Baghdiid (Zurich, 1968), p. 40: It was not the main concern of the compiler of Ta'-rikh Baghdad (a comprehensive biographical dictionary from the eleventh century including almost eight thousand entries), and this applies to the whole of the biographical literature, to report about the elementry education. See also R.W. Bulliet, The Patricians ofNishpur: A Study ofMedieval Islamic Social History (Harvard, 1972), pp. 47-60, 249-55; id., 'The age structure of medieval Islamic education', Studia Islamica 57(1983), pp. 105-17. 14. J.E. Mandaville, The Ottoman court records of Syria and Jordan', Journal of the American Oriental Society 86( 1966), p. 311. 15. 'Wa~iyyat Ajliitun fi ta' dib al-al},diith' ( ed. L. Cheikho), in L. Ma'liif et al. ( eds) , Maqiiliit falsafiyya qadima li-ba'4 mashiihir faliisifat al-'Arab (Beirut, 1908)' pp. 52-8. 16. M. Plessner, Der Oikonomikoc des Neupythagorees Bryson (Heidelberg, 1928) (Orient und Antike 5). See also below, Chapter 4. 17. AJ:!mad b. MuJ:!ammad Ibn Miskawayh, Tahdhib al-akhliiq wa-tathir al­ a'riiq (Cairo, 1329/1911), p. 46: 'Fi ta'dib al-al},diith wa-al-~i!Tyiin khii~at'"'. 18. Abii I;Iamid MuJ:!ammad al-Ghazali, IIJ,yii' 'ulUm al-din (Cairo, 1967), Vol. III, pp. 92-5; 'Bayiin al-tariq fi riyiirjat al-~i!Tyiin fi awwal nushu' ihim wa-wajh ta'dibihim wa-tal},sin akhliiqihim' See below, Chapter 4. 19. Ibn 'Abbas al-Majiisi, Kiimil al-~inii'a al-tibbiyya (Bulaq, 1877), Vol. II, pp. 51-8; 'Ali Ibn Sina al-Qiinun fi al-tibb (Bulaq, 1294/1877), Vol. I, pp. 150-8 [see also E. Khale, Avicenna (Ibn Sinii) uber Kinderkrankheiten im Kinderregimen seines Qiinun (Erlangen, 1979)]; 'Ali Ibn Hubal, Kitiib al­ mukhtiiriit fi al-tibb (Haydarabad, 1362/1943), Vol. I, pp. 187-200. See also Motzki, 'Das Kind', p. 426. 122 Notes to Chapter 1 On Hippocratic writings, dealing partly or wholly with embryology and pediatrics, translated into Arabic see, for instance, F. Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schriftums (Leiden, 1967), Vol. III, pp. 28-32 ( al­ Fu$ii[), p. 38 (Kitiib al-ajinna), p. 41 (Kitiib al-mawludin li-thamiiniyat ashhur), p. 45 (Kitiib fi nabiit al-asniin), p. 46 (Kitiib al-mawludin li-sab'at ashhur). On the Arabic translation of Galen's treatise dealing with epileptic children, namely, Fi 'iliij $al!iyy yu$ra'u, see ibid., pp. 74, 116. On the special interest of Arab physicians in Galen's writings see M. Ullmann, Islamic Medicine (Edinburgh, 1978), pp. 10, 11; 0. Temkin, Galenism: Rise and Decline of Medical Philosophy (Ithaca and London, 1973)' pp. 68-93. 20. R. Etienne, 'Ancient medical conscience and the life of children', The journal of Psychohistory 4 (1976), pp. 131, 144, 152-3; D. Alexandre­ Bidon and M. Closson, L'Enfant a l'ombre des cathedrales (Lyon, 1985), p. 10; Demaitre, 'The idea of childhood', p. 463. On pediatric writings in medieval Europe see also Shahar, 'Infants, infant care', pp. 282-5; McLaughlin, 'Survivors and surrogates', p. 113. 21. Ibn ai:J azzar ai-Qayrawani, Siyiisat al-$ibyiin wa-tadbiruhum, ed. Mui).ammad al-l;labib al-Hila (Tunis, 1968). See also M.W. Dols, Medieval Islamic Medicine: Ibn Ri4wiin 's Treatise 'On The Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt' (Berkeley, 1985), pp. 67-9. 22. An even earlier treatise by the well-known physician Abii Bakr Mui).ammad Ibn Zakariya al-Riizi (ninth-tenth centuries) was devoted to specific aspects of pediatrics, namely, questions connected with smallpox and measles. See al-Riizi, A Treatise on the Small-Pox and Measles, translated by W.A. Greenhill (London, 1848). 23. Ibn al:Jazzar, Siyiisat al-$ibyiin, pp. 86-7, 135-8. 24. Ibid., pp. 60-9. 25. Ibid., pp. 86-133. 26. Ibid., p. 77. 27. Ibid., p. 28 (editor's introduction). 28. 'Arib b. Sa'id al-Qurtubi, Kitiib khalq al-janin wa-tadbir al-i),abiilii wa-al­ mawludin, eds H.Jahier and N. Abdelqader (Algiers, 1956). 29. Ullmann, Islamic Medicine, pp. 22, 112-14. On Muslim interpretations of the Hippocratic sulHI.ivision of childhood, see below, Chapter 3, note 25. 30. AJ:tmad b. Mui).ammad b. Yai).ya al-Baladi, Kitiib tadbir al-l),abiilii wa-al­ aifiil wa-al-$ibyiin wa-l),ift. $ii)i),atihim wa-mudiiwiit al-amrii4 al- 'iiri4a lahum, ed. Mai).miid al-l;lajj Qasim Mui).ammad (Baghdad, 1980). See also R. Dagorn, 'Al-Baladi: un medecin obstetricien et pediatre a l'epoqu~ des premiers Fatimides du Caire', Melanges de l'Institut Dominicain d'Etudes Orientales du Caire9(1967), pp. 73-93; Ullmann, ibid., pp. 38-9. 31. AI-Baladi, Tadbir al-l)abiilii, pp. 77-9. 32. Ibid., pp. 75-6. 33. Ibid., pp. 126-32. 34. Ibid., pp. 16-20 (editor's introduction). 35. Ibid., 'al-Maqala al-thaniya', esp. pp. 182 ff. 36. Ibid., esp. pp. 208-21. 37. Ibid., and see also pp. 24-6 (editor's introduction). Philological Notes to Chapter 1 123 sources also contain references to the stages of development and age groups of children. See, for example, Thabit Ibn Abl Thabit, Kitiib khalq al-insiin (Kuwait, 1965), pp. 1-12, 15-20, 28; Abu al-I;Iasan 'All Ibn S!da, Kitiib al-mukha$$a$ (Bulaq, 1316/1898-9), Vol. I, pp. 30-4. See also Adamek, Das Kleinkind, pp. 16--18. 38. Al-Balad!, ibid .. 39. Ibid., pp. 14, 28 (editor's introduction). 40. Abu al-I;Iasan Sa'id Ibn Hibat Allah, Khalq al-insiin (MS.