National Chung Cheng University The Issue November 13, 2008 z The unusual coding of the actor (or the actor plus the undergoer) in events involving a first person singular participant acting upon a second person participant Bolinao (Pérez 1975:50-51) When a First Person Participant Meets a Second (a) naʔkít=ku=ya. Person Participant: Irregularities in Personal saw=Gen.1s=Nom.3s Pronoun Systems in Philippine Languages ‘I saw him.’ (b) naʔkít=ta=ya. saw=Gen.1d=Nom.3s ‘We (dl.) saw him.’ Hsiu-chuan Liao (c) naʔkít=ta=ka. National Tsing Hua University saw=Gen.1d=Nom.2s ‘I saw you (sg.).’ Objectives Philippine Languages-1 z How many Philippine languages are there? z The formal coding of the actor (or the actor plus the undergoer) in events involving ‘1s.actor’ ¾ Reid (1971) states that there were “more than 80” Philippine and ‘2s(/p).undergoer’ in Philippine languages languages (Reid 1971:vii). ¾ McFarland (1980) lists 118. z The unusual coding of the actor (or the actor plus the undergoer) in such events: direct ¾ McFarland (1994) lists only 110. inheritance? ¾ Constantino (2000) states there were “maybe about 110.” z The motivation for the use of reflexes of ¾ Reid (2000) lists 150. PAn/PMP *(i)ta ‘Gen.1pi’ (or sometimes reflexes ¾ Headland (2003) states “There are between 100 to 150 of PAn/PMP *(i)Da ‘Gen.3p’) in place of languages spoken in the Philippines today.” reflexes of PAn/PMP *(i)ku ‘Gen.1s’ in such events ¾ The 2005 Ethnologue lists 168 Austronesian languages spoken natively in the Philippines (Gordon 2005). Philippine Languages-2 Philippine Microgroups (Blust 1991) z Philippine languages (genetic): Austronesian languages 1) Bashiic (or Batanic) spoken in the Philippine archipelago with three 2) Northern Luzon (or Cordilleran) exceptions: 3) Central Luzon ¾ Yami: Bashiic 4) Inati ¾ the Sangiric, Minahasan, and Gorontalic languages of 5) Kalamian northern Sulawesi: the Sangiric microgroup, the Minahasan 6) Greater Central Philippines (Central Philippines, South microgroup, and the Gorontalic subgroup of the Greater Mangyan, Palawanic, Manobo, Danaw, Subanun, Central Philippine microgroup Gorontalic) ¾ the Sama-Bajaw or Samalan languages: spoken within the 7) Bilic Philippines, but they apparently belong to the ‘Extended 8) Sangiric Barito Family’ of Southeast Borneo (Blust 2005) 9) Minahasan 1 Northern Luzon (Cordilleran) Northern Luzon 1: Ilokano z Ilokano z Arta z Ilokano (Rubino 1997:58-59) (a) z Northern Cordilleran ay-ayaten=ka. ¾North-Eastern Luzon love=Nom.2s ¾Cagayan Valley ‘I love you (sg.).’ z Meso-Cordilleran (b) ¾Altan: Northern Alta and Southern Alta titser=ka. teacher=Nom.2s ¾South-Central Cordilleran --Central Cordilleran ‘You (sg.) are my teacher.’ --Southern Cordilleran Northern Luzon 2: Arta Northern Luzon 3a: Meso-Cordilleran I z Arta (Reid, fieldnotes) z Northern Alta (Reid, fieldnotes) (a) meta=ta=taw ti damʌdmʌyi. (a) maʔintaʔ=ta=ʔa ten ududma. see=Gen.1d=Nom.2s Lcv tomorrow see=Gen.1d=Nom.2s Lcv tomorrow ‘I will see you (sg.) tomorrow.’ ‘I will see you (sg.) tomorrow.’ (b) meta=ta=tam ti damʌdmʌyi. (b) maʔintaʔ=ta=ʔam ten ududma. see=Gen.1d=Nom.2p Lcv tomorrow see=Gen.1d=Nom.2p Lcv tomorrow ‘I will see you (pl.) tomorrow.’ ‘I will see you (pl.) tomorrow.’ Northern Luzon 3b: Meso-Cordilleran IIa Northern Luzon 3b: Meso-Cordilleran IIb z Ilongot/Bugkalot (Liao, fieldnotes) z Ilongot/Bugkalot (Liao, fieldnotes) (a) kadɨwaʔan=ta=ka. (a) kabuintaw=ta=ka. accompany=Gen.1d=Nom.2s friend=Gen.1d=Nom.2s ‘I will accompany you (sg.).’ ‘You (sg.) are my friend.’ (b) kadɨwaʔan=ta=ki. (b) kabuintaw=ta=ki. accompany=Gen.1d=Nom.2p friend=Gen.1d=Nom.2p ‘I will accompany you (pl.).’ ‘You (pl.) are my friends.’ 2 N. Luzon 4: N.Cordilleran 1-NE Luzon N. Luzon 4: N.Cordilleran 2-Cagayan z Dupaningan Agta (Robinson 2008:123-124) z Ibanag (Tsuchida et al. 1989:95) (a) katandi=ta=ka=dan? (a) masingat=ta=ka so:nu umma. know=Gen.1d=Nom.2s=already see=Gen.1d=Nom.2s tomorrow ‘Do I know you (sg.) already.’ ‘I will see you (sg.) tomorrow.’ (b) ialapan=ta=kam ha padut …. (b) masingat=ta=kamu so:nu umma. get=Gen.1d=Nom.2p Obl fish see=Gen.1d=Nom.2p tomorrow ‘I will get you (pl.) some fish ….’ ‘I will see you (pl.) tomorrow.’ N. Luzon 4: N.Cordilleran 2-Cagayan Central Luzon 1 z Ga’dang /Gaddang (Walrod 1988: 104, 121, 164) (a) …pakoman=ta=ka. z Kapampangan (Gonzalez 1981:178) …forgive=Gen.1d=Nom.2s (a) kalugurán=da=ká. ‘…I forgive you (sg.).’ love=Gen.3p=Nom.2s (b) Aggataronan=ta=kayu…. ‘I (/We (ex.) / They) love you (sg.).’ wait=Gen.1d=Nom.2p ‘I waited you (pl.)….’ (b) kalugurán=da=kayú. (c) …balawan=da=kayu. love=Gen.3p=Nom.2p …rebuke=Gen.3p=Nom.2p ‘I (/We (ex.) / They) love you (pl.).’ ‘…I rebuke you (pl.).’ Central Luzon 2 Central Luzon 3 z Ayta, Mag-anchi (Storck and Storck 2005:146) z Bolinao (Pérez 1975:50) (a) haglapan=katá. help=Nom.2s+Gen.1d (a) naʔkít=ta=ka. ‘I will help you (sg.).’ saw=Gen.1d=Nom.2s ‘I saw you (sg.).’ (b) …haglapan=kataw … help=Nom.2p+Gen.1d (b) naʔkít=ta=kamú. ‘…I will help you (pl.).’ saw=Gen.1d=Nom.2p ***Same or similar portmanteau forms are also found in ‘I saw you (pl.).’ other Central Luzon languages (e.g. Botolan Sambal, Halitaq Bayta, and Kakilingan Sambal). 3 Kalamian Greater Central Philippines 1a: Manobo I z Agutaynen (Quakenbush 2005:445) z Agusan Manobo (Weaver and Weaver 1964:162) Indi=a itabid=ta. Neg=Nom.2s accompany=Gen.1pi (a) egsegilenan=ka. ‘(Don’t worry.) I (lit. we) will not include you (sg.).’ tell.story=Nom.2s ‘I will tell you (sg.) a story.’ Quakenbush (2005:468, note 21): “…it is possible for a first-person plural inclusive Actor to cooccur with a second-person Nominative Patient in a (b) *egsegilenan=ku=ka colloquial, friendly Agutaynen style. This could be tell.story=Gen.1s=Nom.2s called the “familiar we”, which decreases formality and distance, as opposed to the English “editorial” we, ‘I will tell you (sg.) a story.’ which increase the same.” Greater Central Philippines 1a: Manobo II Greater Central Philippines 1b: Palawanic Kagayanen z South West Palawano (Bill Davis, pers. comm.) Pebley (1999:57): “Composite pronouns referring to (a) tebangan=te ikew. the first person ergative and second person absolutive, takaw (2, SG) and takyo (2, PL) …” help=Gen.1d Nom.2s ‘I help you (sg.).’ ¾ =takaw ‘Gen.1s+Nom.2s’ < =ta ‘Gen.1pi’ + =kaw ‘Nom.2p’ (b) Ibon=te ikew. ¾ =takyo ‘Gen.1s+Nom.2p’ child=Gen.1d Nom.2s < =ta ‘Gen.1pi’ + kyo ‘Top/Pred.2p’ ‘You (sg.) are my child.’ Greater Central Philippines 1c: C. Philippines-1 Greater Central Philippines 1c: C. Philippines-2a z Cebuano (Wolff 1972: 396, 476) z Tagalog (English 1987:340) (a) ihatud=ta=ka (or tikaw/ ta ikaw) sa pultahan. (a) Sásamahan=kitá. watch=Gen.1pi=Nom.2s Lcv door accompany=Nom.2s + Gen.1s ‘I will see you (sg.) to the door.’ ‘I will accompany you (sg.).’ (b) Amígu=ta=ka (or tikaw/ tika/ ka nákù/ ku ikaw). (b) Kaibigan=kitá. friend=Gen.1d=Nom.2s friend=Nom.2s+Gen.1s ‘You (sg.) are my friend.’ ‘You (sg.) are my friend.’ 4 Greater Central Philippines 1c: C. Philippines-2b Interim Summary z Cebuano z Three of the Philippine microgroups do not Wolff (1972:369): “tikaw, tika, ta ka, ka nákù, appear to have an unusual coding of the actor is ku ikaw I did [verb] to you, you are my.” used in events involving a first person singular participant acting upon a second person Wolff (1972:476): “ta ka, ta ikaw, ta kamu I will participant. [do] to you, you are my [noun].” ¾ Bashiic Wolff (1972:1007, 1008): ¾ Inati tika / tikaw: contraction of ta and ikaw. ¾ Bilic Strategies used in coding the actor-II Strategies used in coding the actor-I z reflexes of PAn/PMP *(i)ta ‘Gen.1pi’: ¾ Northern Luzon: z no overt form for the actor: --Arta ¾ Northern Luzon: Ilokano --N.Cordilleran --Meso-Cordilleran: AltN and all S.Cordilleran ¾ Greater Central Philippines: Agusan Manobo ¾ Central Luzon: all except Kapampangan z reflexes of PAn/PMP *(i)Da ‘Gen.3p’: ¾ Kalamian: Agutaynen ¾ Northern Luzon: Ga’dang [N.Cordilleran] ¾ Greater Central Philippines: --Manobo: Kagayanen, Sarangani Manobo ¾ Central Luzon: Kapampangan --Palawanic: South West Palawano --Central Philippines: Bikol; Mamanwa; Bisayan (Tausug, Cebuano; Utudnon; South Sorsogon; Masbatenyo; Romblomanon; Aklanon, etc.) Strategies used in coding the actor-IIIa z Special portmanteau form kita ‘Gen.1s+Nom.2s’: Strategies used in coding the actor-IIIb ¾ Greater Central Philippines: --Central Philippines z Special portmanteau form tika / tikaw --Tagalog:Tagalog ‘Gen.1s+Nom.2s’: --Bisayan: ¾ Greater Central Philippines: (a) Central Bisayan: --Central Philippines --Warayan: South Sorsogon --Peripheral: Hiligaynon --Bisayan: Cebuano (b) West Bisayan: --Aklan: Aklanon --Kinarayan: Kinaray-a (c) South Bisayan—Surigao: Surigaonon 5 Direct Inheritance? Independent Developments z Reflexes of PAn/PMP *(i)ta ‘Gen.1pi’ are found to be z The wide use of reflexes of PAn/PMP *(i)ta used in place of reflexes of PAn/PMP *(i)ku ‘Gen.1s’ in four of the Philippine microgroups. ‘Gen.1pi’ in place of reflexes of PAn/PMP *(i)ku ‘Gen.1s’ in events involving z Such a coding strategy might be reconstructible for ‘1s.actor+2s(/p).undergoer’ might be the results some lower-order proto-languages (e.g. Proto-Southern of diffusion and of independent developments Cordilleran, Proto-Northern Cordilleran, etc.) that had taken place in different microgroups of z However, it is not reconstructible for the ancestral Philippine languages. language of all Philippine languages.