his dictionary documents the lexicon of Iquito, an indigenous language of northern Peruvian Amazonia. Iquito is a member of the Zaparoan language family, whose other members include Andoa, Arabela, and Sápara (also known as Záparo). Formerly spoken in a large region Tbetween the Tigre and Napo Rivers in what is now the departamento of Loreto, Peru, Iquito is currently spoken by a small number of elders in communities on or near the Pintuyacu River, four of whom, Jaime Pacaya Inuma, Ema Llona Yareja, Hermenegildo Díaz Cuyasa, and Ligia Inuma Inuma, contributed to the broad linguistic, cultural, and historical knowledge documented in this dictionary. Iquito This dictionary serves not only as a comprehensive record of the Iquito lexicon; it also documents the unpredictable allomorphy and grammatical Lev Michael and Christine Beier English Dictionary features of Iquito lexemes, and describes aspects of Iquito culture relevant to understanding their use and meanings. A glossary of Loretano Spanish terms used in the definitions is also provided. with Jaime Pacaya Inuma, Ema Llona Yareja, Hermenegildo Díaz Cuyasa, and Ligia Inuma Lev Michael and Christine Beier with Jaime Pacaya Inuma, Ema Llona Yareja, Hermenegildo Díaz Cuyasa, and Ligia Inuma Inuma Iquito English Dictionary Cabeceras Aid Project / Ediciones Abya-Yala Iquito – English Dictionary Lev Michael and Christine Beier with Jaime Pacaya Inuma, Ema Llona Yareja, Hermenegildo Díaz Cuyasa, and Ligia Inuma Inuma Iquito – English Dictionary 2019 Iquito – English Dictionary Lev Michael and Christine Beier with Jaime Pacaya Inuma, Ema Llona Yareja, Hermenegildo Díaz Cuyasa, and Ligia Inuma Inuma © 2019 by the authors and Ediciones Abya-Yala. All rights reserved. First edition: Ediciones Abya-Yala Av. 12 de octubre N24-22 y Wilson Casilla 17-12-719 Tel.: (593-2) 3962 899 Fax: (593-2) 2506 267 E-mail: [email protected] Quito, Ecuador Layout and design: Christine Beier, Lev Michael, Ronald Sprouse and Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito, Ecuador ISBN: 978-9942-09-665-4 Printed by: Editorial Abya-Yala Quito-Ecuador Created with Fieldworks Language Explorer (FLEx) and LATEX Printed in Quito, Ecuador Abbreviations used in this dictionary 3.poss. irregular third interrog. interrogative person possessed word form irreg.pl. irregular plural act./mid. active/middle irreg.poss. irregular alternation possessed form adj. adjective i.v. intransitive verb adv. adverb JPI Jaime Pacaya affect.var. affective variant Inuma anaph.pro. anaphoric lit. literal meaning pronoun loc.dem. locative Anth. anthropology demonstrative note loc.n. locative noun arch.var. archaic variant loc.postp. locative a.v. ambitransitive postposition verb n. noun comp. complementizer num. numeral conj. conjunction pers.var. personal variant const.var. constructional play.var. playful variant variant prepaus.form prepausal form cop. copula prtcl. particle dem. demonstrative Poss.pref. preferred det. determiner possession dialect.var. dialectal variant postp. postposition drv.rt. derivational root pro. pronoun d.v. ditransitive verb procl. pro-clause ELY Ema Llona Yareja prop.n. proper noun euph.var. euphemistic Rel. related form variant rel.pro. relative pronoun Ex. example sentence rt. root free.var. free variant Sci. scientific note fst.spch. fast speech form Sem. semantics note Gram. grammar note Socio. sociolinguistic HDC Hermenegildo note Díaz Cuyasa socio.var. sociolinguistic impf.rt. imperfective root variant interj. interjection t.v. transitive verb | v Acknowledgements Our greatest thanks go to the Iquito elders whose knowledge and ex- pertise this dictionary seeks to reflect: Hermenegildo (Hermico) Díaz Cuyasa, Ligia Inuma Inuma, Ema Llona Yareja, and especially Jaime Pacaya Inuma. Over the course of hundreds (in Jaime’s case, thou- sands) of hours of collaborative work, these elders have conveyed to us the beauties and subtleties of the Iquito language, for the benefit of future generations of Iquito people, and to ensure that this patrimony of humanity is documented. We also extend our thanks to the commu- nity members of San Antonio de Pintuyacu, whom we first visited in 2001, and where we have worked with the Iquito elders since 2002; the community’s interest in the products of our work with their elders has been a constant inspiration and motivation. Jaime Pacaya Inuma (2002, 2019); Ema Llona Yareja (2003, 2018) Hermenegildo Díaz Cuyasa (2005, 2014); Ligia Inuma Inuma (2004, 2006) Acknowledgements | vii The current work drew considerably on an earlier Iquito–Spanish bilingual dictionary that we circulated among Iquito community mem- bers and online,1 and we sincerely thank our co-compiler on that work, Karina Sullón Acosta. That dictionary was much enriched by contri- butions of the members of the Iquito Language Documentation Project (ILDP) over the years, and we express our gratitude for their com- panionship and generously shared insights to Sisi Bautista Pizarro, Lynda de Jong Boudreault, Mark Brown, Taryne Hallett, Edinson Huamancayo Curi, Cynthia Anderson Hansen, Molly Harnisch, Marcelo Inuma Sinchija, I-Wen Lai, Kathryn Metz, Hilter Panduro Güimack, Rosalba Solís Vílchez, and Brianna Grohmann Walther. Our work has been supported and facilitated by many other peo- ple. In particular, Nora England, at the University of Texas at Austin, made it possible to launch the ILDP as a long-term, multi-researcher project by joining us as PI on an Endangered Languages Documenta- tion Programme grant (see below) while we were still graduate stu- dents, and she provided invaluable methodological and practical ad- vice throughout the first phase of the ILDP. Gabel Sotíl García, at the Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Pe- ruana in Iquitos, played a crucial role in the administration of the ILDP in its early years, and has been a source of valuable guidance and en- thusiastic support for our community-oriented work. Gustavo Solís Fonseca and Elsa Vílchez Jiménez of the Centro de Investigación de la Lingüística Aplicada at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM) also provided essential support in the ILDP’s early years. We also want to express our sincerest thanks to Joel Sherzer and Tony Woodbury for giving us unusual latitude while we were gradu- ate students at UT–Austin, and allowing us to launch the ILDP in par- allel with our dissertation projects, as well as for all of their advice, wisdom, and encouragement in all of our projects. The typesetting of the dictionary you are reading was made possi- ble by Greg Finley and Ronald Sprouse, each of whom has played a pivotal role in the development of a Python script that converts the XML output of FieldWorks Language Explorer (FLEx), which we used for developing this dictionary, to LATEX, which we used to typeset it. Greg developed the early versions of the script; subsequently, Ronald 1 Lev Michael, Christine Beier, and Karina Sullón Acosta, compilers. 2006. Dic- cionario Bilingüe Iquito–Castellano y Castellano–Iquito. Iquitos: Iquito Language Documentation Project and Cabeceras Aid Project. viii | Iquito – English Dictionary has significantly expanded and fine-tuned the script to our evolving needs. We here wish to acknowledge and thank Ronald for his heroic labors in helping us bring this dictionary to fruition. The work that resulted in this dictionary would have been impossi- ble without the funding that we received from several sources. These include Cabeceras Aid Project, which has supported our community- oriented activities since 2001; the Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Programme, which supported documentation of Iquito from 2003 to 2006 with a Major Project grant (MDP-0042; co-PIs Nora England, Christine Beier and Lev Michael); and two Documenting Endangered Languages Fellowships in 2015-2016 from NSF–NEH to Christine Beier (# 230216-15) and Lev Michael (# 230217-15). Finally, we express our sincere thanks to all our other friends, fam- ily, and colleagues who have supported and encouraged our work on this project over these many years. We could not have gotten this far without you. Lev, Ema, Jaime, and Hermico; Jaime, Chris, Ema, and Hermico (both 2015). Acknowledgements | ix Table of Contents Abbreviations used in this dictionary . v Acknowledgements . .vii Preface . .xiii 1 Introduction . 1 1.1 Alphabet, graphemes, and orthography . 2 1.1.1 Segmental graphemes and orthography . .2 1.1.2 Tone graphemes and orthography . 5 1.2 Structure of Iquito–English dictionary entries . 6 1.2.1 Citation forms and root types . .9 1.2.2 Irregular plurals . 13 1.2.3 Loanwords . 13 1.2.4 Parts of speech . 14 1.2.5 Grammar notes . 15 1.2.6 Example sentences . 16 1.2.7 Scientific names . .16 1.2.8 Variants . 20 1.2.9 Named dialectal variants . 23 Table of Contents | xi 2 Iquito–English Dictionary . 25 3 English–Iquito Reversal Index . 475 4 Loretano Spanish Glossary . 635 xii | Iquito – English Dictionary Preface The preparation of a reasonably comprehensive dictionary of a previ- ously little-documented language is a long voyage, and here we briefly describe the course that has brought about the work before you, and the future trajectory we anticipate. The authors’ engagement with the Iquito language began in 2001, when we made our first visit to the Iquito community of San Anto- nio de Pintuyacu, in response to reports from NGO contacts in Loreto that the community was interested in finding linguists to assist them in responding to the endangerment of their community’s heritage lan- guage. Community members expressed enthusiasm about the prospect of