Introduction On Being Osman In 1688, in the tumultuous aft ermath of the failed Ottoman siege of Vienna, a Muslim soldier surrendered to the Habsburg army and became a prisoner of war. Young and from a well-connected family, he expected to be quickly ransomed and reunited with his loved ones. Instead, Osman of Timişoara would spend twelve long years in captiv- ity, fi nally regaining his freedom only aft er a daring cross-border escape that could easily have cost his life. By that time, although still a com- paratively young man, Osman had faced enough adversity to last many lifetimes: torture by a sadistic master, brutal confi nement in a dungeon, the hunger and contagion of an army camp in winter, and worse. But Osman persevered, and as the years of his captivity wore on, he man- aged gradually to improve his condition and even to win the esteem of his captors. Eventually, Osman became a household servant of one of the highest-ranking noblemen of Habsburg Vienna, a position of relative privilege from which a range of completely unforeseen opportunities were opened to him. Th rough his master’s patronage, he learned a most unexpected trade, apprenticing with a Parisian chef to become an expert pâtissier. In his master’s service, he traveled throughout the Habsburg realms and well beyond, even to distant lands in Germany and Italy barely known to his Ottoman contemporaries. Th anks to his master’s connections, he also became a man of infl uence among Vien- na’s many Ottoman Muslims, intervening on behalf of some of them both with the authorities and with their captors. And repeatedly, as a 1 2 Introduction: On Being Osman charming, exotic man with a mysterious past and experience beyond his years, he tasted the flames of love, dangerously exciting the pas- sions of both women and men with whom he crossed paths. Remarkably, all of this is recorded by Osman himself in Prisoner of the Infidels, a vivid and unvarnished memoir he composed several decades later, as an older man living in Istanbul. Today, this priceless text survives as the most detailed account of life in early modern Europe from the perspective of an Ottoman captive. Just as important, it also stands as a major literary milestone, the first book-length auto- biography ever to be written in the Ottoman Turkish language. Yet paradoxically, many aspects of Osman and his text remain shrouded in mystery. Beyond what Osman himself reveals in his memoir, surprisingly little has been corroborated about his time as a captive from other sources. And curiously, although Osman is known to have pursued a long and successful career as a diplomat after return- ing to Ottoman territory, his account seems not to have attracted any significant attention from his contemporaries. Instead, Prisoner of the Infidels was virtually forgotten, only gaining general recognition for its historical and literary importance over the past few decades. As a result, many questions linger about Osman the author and the text he produced. What inspired him to write, and by whom did he hope to be read? To what extent was he conscious, as he composed the first autobiography ever written in his language, of creating something truly new? Was he inspired, directly or indirectly, by literary models encountered during his long years in Christian Europe? And what kind of reaction to his work did he hope to provoke from his readers? For the moment, these are all questions without definitive answers. But if, as argued by the celebrated memoirist and memoir scholar Jill Ker Con- way, “every biography is a prisoner of history”—a comment perhaps more applicable to Prisoner of the Infidels than to any other memoir— an obvious first step to a deeper understanding of the story of Osman’s life is to describe more fully the time and place in which he lived.1 GROWING UP IN A “SILVER AGE” Osman of Timişoara was a child of the seventeenth century, a period of world history rarely remembered as a happy one. On the contrary, in both Christian Europe and the Ottoman empire, it was a century of Introduction: On Being Osman 3 political turmoil, sectarian conflict, economic and demographic malaise, and above all, unprecedented military violence.2 But in the midst of all this turbulence—and in stark contrast to more recent peri- ods of history—Osman’s home region, the Ottoman Balkans, was an island of comparative tranquility in this wider sea of troubles.3 Admittedly, this would have been hard to predict from the way the century began: with a bloody conflict between the Ottomans and Habsburgs (the so-called Long War) that ravaged the northern Bal- kans for more than a decade before ending inconclusively in 1606.4 But thereafter, for almost seventy-five years, peace, only rarely inter- rupted, reigned across the long border between Christian and Otto- man Europe. At first, this was largely the result of both sides being preoccupied with affairs on other fronts: the Habsburgs with the all-consuming bru- tality of the Thirty Years’ War 1618–48( ) and the Ottomans with their own religious conflict (from1623 to 1639) with Iran’s Safavids, a dynasty professing the rival Shi’ite version of Islam.5 Throughout these years of conflict, however, and for many decades after they concluded, peace prevailed along the Ottoman-Habsburg frontier, the two sides prefer- ring to accept each other as neighbors rather than disrupt the status quo. The only real exception was a brief outbreak of hostilities in the early 1660s, resolved quickly with the signing of a twenty-year truce. For the rest, while religious wars and epidemics ravaged the Latin West, and bandits and Safavid armies plagued the Ottoman East, the people of the Balkans lived in a kind of “silver age” of stability and relative prosperity—indeed, one of the longest periods of uninterrupted peace in the recorded history of this frequently troubled part of the world.6 Osman of Timşoara was born toward the tail end of this “silver age,” probably in 1658 although his exact date of birth is not known with certainty (a problem to which we shall return in the pages below). His native city, Timişoara, today in far western Romania, was at the time a major economic and administrative hub in the vital heart of the Ottoman Balkans, the kind of place to which ambitious, upwardly mobile subjects of the empire would naturally gravitate to seek their fortunes. This profile, in fact, seems to fit both of Osman’s parents: his father, a middle-ranking officer in the Ottoman army, moved to Timişoara from his native Belgrade, while Osman’s mother hailed from a much smaller town about fifty kilometers further up the 4 Introduction: On Being Osman Danube (also in what is today Serbia). Osman gives few additional details about his family origins and his early childhood, but every- thing he does reveal suggests that he grew up in comfortable circum- stances, although unremarkably so. In short, his family was composed of just the sort of people best positioned to benefit from the peace and stability of the Ottoman Balkans in the middle decades of the seven- teenth century. This is not to say that Osman’s early years were without hardship. In truth, he suffered his first tragedy at the tender age of nine, when his mother passed away from illness and, only two months later, was fol- lowed to the grave by his father. Sadly, for Osman, this was only the first, cruel installment in a long succession of loved ones lost too early. But for the time being, Osman was at least lucky in that his father had made provision for him before his death, leaving each of his children with a healthy inheritance and arranging for Osman and his two younger siblings to be raised by their older sister and brother-in-law (a fellow military officer and protégé of Osman’s father’s). As a result, despite being orphaned before his tenth birthday, Osman’s financial and social circumstances seem not to have changed for the worse in the years that followed. Meanwhile, in the wider world beyond Timişoara, one would have searched in vain for signs that the Balkan “silver age” was on the verge of coming to an end. On the contrary, under the capable leadership of Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (Ottoman grand vizier, 1661–76), the Ottoman state seemed to be entering a resurgent new era of expansion. In 1669, for instance, Fazıl Ahmed negotiated a successful end to the most pro- tracted and frustrating military operation in Ottoman history, the twenty-one-year siege of the Venetian fortress of Chania. Under the terms of the settlement, Venetian forces were completely evacuated from the city, leaving the largest and wealthiest Venetian possession in the Mediterranean, the island of Crete, completely in Ottoman con- trol.7 Then, in 1672, the grand vizier turned his attention to the north, leading a large army into the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian con- federacy. The result, formalized in a treaty in 1676, was that Poland- Lithuania ceded the regions of Ukraine under its control to the sul- tan.8 At this point, Ottoman holdings in continental Europe reached their greatest extent in history, with every expectation that there would be even more significant conquests in the near future. Introduction: On Being Osman 5 COMING OF AGE IN A GREAT WAR In 1676, Osman of Timişoara was on the cusp of manhood, a young warrior-in-training ready to make his mark on the world.