Studia Turcologica Cracoviensia Kamil Stachowski Kamil Stachowski (born 1981) is an assistant lecturer in the Chair of Languages of Central Asia and Siberia at the Jagiel- lonian University. His main fields of interest are ety- mology and historical linguistics. He studied Turkish Names of Cereals philology at the Jagiellonian University. He published seven articles (one currently in print), took part in in the Turkic Languages two international conferences and held a lecture at the Polish Academy of Sciences. Names of Cereals in the Turkic Languages The work presents etymologies of the Turkic names for the seven most important cereals: barley, corn, millet, oats, rice, rye and wheat. Altogether, 106 names are discussed. As yet, this subject has not been dealt with as a whole. Propositions for etymologies of various names in sin- s c gle languages are scattered in dictionaries and arti- t cles, usually only accompanied by a brief explanation. c t Here, the author tries to provide a possibly compre- s s hensive commentary. tc Each entry presents a list of phonetic variants of the word, an overview of previous etymologies and the author’s standpoint expressed as exhaustively as pos- sible but without loquacity. The work closes with an enumeration and brief com- mentary of the most common naming patterns and semantic types which can be distinguished in the presented material. Names of Cereals in the Turkic Languages Turkic the Cereals in Names of ISBN 978-83-7188-098-8 K. Stachowski 11 STC 9 788371 880988 www.akademicka.pl Księgarnia Akademicka 11 Studia Turcologica Cr acoviensia 11 Jagiellonian University · Institute of Oriental Philolology Studia Turcologica Cr acoviensia 11 Edited by Stanisław Stachowski Kraków 2008 Jagiellonian University · Institute of Oriental Philolology Kamil Stachowski Names of Cereals in the Turkic Languages Kraków 2008 Recenzja wydawnicza: prof. dr hab. Henryk Jankowski Korekta: Kinga Maciuszak Projekt okładki: Kamil Stachowski © Copyright by Kamil Stachowski and Księgarnia Akademicka, Kraków 2008 Książka dofinansowana przez Wydział Filologiczny Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Księgarnia Akademicka ul. św. Anny 6, 31–008 Kraków tel./fax: (012) 431·27·43 tel.: 422·10·33 wew. 11·67 [email protected] ISBN 978-83-7188-098-8 www.akademicka.pl contents Introduction 7 Barley 9 Corn 19 Millet 33 Oats 49 Rice 61 Rye 71 Wheat 87 Final Remarks 103 Abbreviations 107 Literature 109 Index of non-Turkic forms 117 Introduction Aim and Scope of This Work The aim of this work is to work out the etymologies of the names of the seven most im- portant cereals (barley Hordeum L , corn Zea mays L , millet Panicum L , oats Avena L , rice Oryza Sativa L , rye Secale Cereale L , and wheat Triticum L ) in the Turkic languages The current, rather uneven state of comparative dialectology and lexicography of the Turkic languages does not allow us to perform full comparisons We have therefore lim- ited ourselves to literary names, and only included selected dialectal forms For the same reason, the names of subspecies and varieties have been excluded State of Art and Sources Our subject has not as yet been dealt with as a whole Of the papers in the Turkic languages that are devoted to the names of plants (not just cereals) the most detailed has been written L V Dmitrieva (1972) This, however, only contains an extremely limited commentary Ety- mological propositions for various names in single languages are scattered in etymological dictionaries, generally only accompanied by a brief explanation, and in numerous articles where a more comprehensive commentary is usually provided The bulk of the sources used in this paper are dictionaries, mainly Russian post-rev- olutionary ones (abbreviated RKirgS, TuwRS &c ), also etymological dictionaries (an especially large amount of data is to be found in ÈSTJa), various articles and publications devoted to the vocabulary and/or grammar of single languages, and descriptions of dialects (mainly Turkish) Structure of an Entry – Alphabetical list of forms ordered by pronunciation Enables a preliminary investigation of the phonetical diversity of names All variants are ordered alphabetically and linked with a system of cross-references – Alphabetical list of forms ordered by languages Presents the diversity of the names in one language Comparing the stock of names in languages from one group can help to find out which forms should be treated as the standard ones – Brief overview of previous etymologies For lesser investigated words, we have tried to summarise the entire literature available to us For those which are better known, we have only selected the most important works All papers have been treated equally, including the ones which we cannot be ready to accept, given the present state of art – Commentary The commentary consists of a discussion with the propositions summarised before and a presentation of our own views 8 INTRODUCTION Transcription We have tried to present all Turkic forms in a unified, phonological transcription The dis- tinction between palatal k, g : velar q, γ has only been preserved for OUyg , Uyg and Uzb , as in all the other languages it is unequivocally determined by the position By the same token, we have abandoned the marking of labialization of a in Uzb (as resulting system- atically from the orthography) and of spirantization of s and z in Trkm ; however, we have preserved it in Bšk where it has a phonological significance Apart from this, a dual transcription has been employed for e: wide ä vs narrow e for languages where they are separate phonemes, and neutral e for the others Thanks I am grateful to many people for helping me in various ways Most of all, I would like to express my special gratitude to (alphabetically): – Professor Árpád Berta (Szeged, Hungary) for expert advice and access to his working materials, – László Károly, MA (Szeged, Hungary) for helping me access some of the more inac- cessible literature, – Doctor Kinga Maciuszak (Cracow, Poland) for professional advice and Iranistic help, – Professor Andrzej Pisowicz (Cracow, Poland) for professional advice and Iranistic help, – Professor Marek Stachowski (Cracow, Poland) for a great amount of help and time without which this work would not be completed, – Professor Alexander Vovin (Honolulu, USA) for Sinological help barley hordeum l. Barley was one of the first domesticated cereals in the world The oldest grains of spelt are thought to be nine thousand years old, and have been found in Jarmo, Kurdistan from where it probably originates Its cultivation had spread westwards from this region around the 5th millennium BC, to Mespotamia, Egypt and elsewhere Domesticated barley (Hordeum vulgare) is believed to have originated from the eastern part of the Central Asian Centre, from where it spread West and South-West, i e to India, Persia, Mesopotamia, Syria and Egypt, and later to Greece and Italy (4th c BC) and even further The area between Siberia and the Pacific is now used for the cultivation of barley, but the plant was only introduced there in the 19th c Compared to other cereals, especially to wheat which is equally old, or perhaps even older, barley has very few varieties: 29 species, including 16 stable, but they already existed in the second half of the 4th millennium BC In the ancient world, barley was very popular; almost every higher culture cultivated it Names for ‘barley’ are most uniform in the Turkic languages Almost all languages have the word arpa, and all the other names only have a very limited range Interestingly, barley is quite often identified or confused with oats, and while Tel sula ‘barley’ < ‘oats’, all the other examples of this confusion display just the opposite direction of development This is understandable given the chronology of domestication of these two cereals – cf com- mentary on julaf (point 2), and arpakan and harva ‘oats’, and footnote 1 forms: apa → arpa as ńesemen → ǯehimien arba → arpa aš → as orpa → arpa arbaj → arpa erpe → arpa sula arpa harva → arpa ša‘īr arpä → arpa jačmeń tak-tak arpagan köče urpa → arpa arpagān → arpagan köže → köče žesemen → ǯehimien arpakan → arpagan nečimien → ǯehimien ǯeh arva → arpa nehimien → ǯehimien ǯehimien → ǯehimien arvaj → arpa ńečimien → ǯehimien ǯesemen → ǯehimien languages: Az : arpa Com : arpa Čuv : orpa, urpa Blk : arpa Crm : arpa Gag : arpa Brb : aš CTat : arpa Kar : arpa Bšk : arpa Čag : arpa KarC: arpa 10 arpa || BarleY KarH: arpa MTkc KD: arpa Tat : arpa, arpagan KarT: arpa MTkc MA: arba, arpa Tat Gr : arpa Khak : arba, as, köče MTkc MA B: arpä Tel : arba, sula Khal : arpa MTkc MK: arba, arpa, Tksh : arpa Kirg : arpa, arpakan arpagān Tksh dial : ǯeh Kklp : arpa Nog : arpa Tof : jačmeń Kmk : arpa Oghuz Ir : arpa Trkm : arpa, arpagan Krč Blk : arpa OTkc : arpa, arpagan Tuv : arbaj, arvaj, köže Küär : arba Ott : arpa, ša‘īr Uyg : apa, arpa, erpe Kyzyl: arba OUyg : arpa Uzb : arpa Kzk : arpa, tak-tak Oyr : arba Yak : nečimien, nehimien, MTkc : arpa Sag : arba ńečimien, ńesemen, MTkc H: arpa SarUyg : arva, harva žesemen, ǯehimien, MTkc IM: arpa Šr : aš ǯesemen ARPA forms: apa Uyg.: Raquette 1927, ÈSTJa, Dmi trieva 1979 arba Khak.: Dmitrieva 1972, ÈSTJa, Dmi trieva 1979, Çevilek 2005 || Küär.: R I 335t, Räsänen 1949: 236, Joki 1952, Eren 1999 || Kyzyl: Joki 1952, 1953 || MTkc.MK: Egorov 1964 || MTkc.Zam: Egorov 1964 || Oyr.: R I 335t, Räsänen 1949: 236, Joki 1952, Egorov 1964, RAltS, VEWT, Dmitrieva 1972, ÈSTJa, Dmitrieva 1979, Eren 1999, Çevilek 2005 || Sag.: Joki 1952 || Tel.: R I 335t, Räsänen 1949: 236, Joki