VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY Iveta DABAŠINSKIENĖ LITHUANIAN RAILWAYS (18581990): DEVELOPMENT, ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISTIC PECULIARITIES Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Humanities, Art Studies (03H) Kaunas, 2018 The doctoral dissertation was prepared at Vytautas Magnus University from 2011 to 2018. The right for the joint doctoral studies was granted to Vytautas Magnus University jointly with the Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences on June 21, 2011, by the decision No. V-1124 of the The Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania. Scientific supervisors: 2011 – 2014 prof. dr. Nijolė Lukšionytė, Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, Art Studies (03H). 2014 – 2017 prof. habil. dr. Vytautas Levandauskas, Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, Art Studies (03H). Council of defence of the doctoral dissertation: Chairman: Prof. dr. Rasutė Žukienė, Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, Art Studies (03H) Members: Doc. dr. Vytautas Petrušonis, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Humanities, Art Studies (03H) Doc. dr. Vaidas Petrulis, Kaunas University of Technology, Humanities, Art Studies (03H) Doc. dr. Marija Drėmaitė, Vilnius University, Humanities, Art Studies (03H) Doc. dr. Rasa Butvilaitė, Vilnius Academy of Art, Humanities, Art Studies (03H) The official defense of the dissertation held at a public meeting at the Faculty of Arts, Vytautas Magnus University, Muitinės Str. 7, room 207, Kaunas at 12:00 am on April 13th, 2018. The summary of the doctoral dissertation was distributed on March 13th, 2018. The doctoral dissertation is available at the Library of Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences and Library of Vytautas Magnus University 2 VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Iveta DABAŠINSKIENĖ LIETUVOS GELEŽINKELIAI (1858–1990 m.): RAIDA, ARCHITEKTŪRA IR URBANISTINIAI YPATUMAI Mokslo daktaro disertacijos santrauka Humanitariniai mokslai, menotyra (03H) Kaunas, 2018 3 Mokslo daktaro disertacija rengta 20112017 metais Vytauto Didžiojo universitete pagal Lietuvos Respublikos švietimo ir mokslo ministro suteiktą Vytauto Didžiojo universitetui ir Lietuvos Edukologijos universitetui 2011 m. birželio 21 d. (įsakymas Nr. V-1124) doktorantūros teisę. Mokslinis vadovas: 2011 – 2014 prof. dr. Nijolė Lukšionytė, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, humanitarinių mokslų sritis, menotyros mokslo kryptis (03H). 2014 – 2017 prof. habil. dr. Vytautas Levandauskas, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, humanitarinių mokslų sritis, menotyros mokslo kryptis (03H). Disertacijos gynimo taryba: Pirmininkė: Prof. dr. Rasutė Žukienė, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, humanitarinių mokslų sritis, menotyros mokslo kryptis (03H) Nariai: Doc. dr. Vytautas Petrušonis, Vilniaus Gedimino Technikos Universitetas, humanitariniai mokslai, menotyra (03H). Doc. dr. Vaidas Petrulis, Kauno Technologijų Universitetas, humanitariniai mokslai, menotyra (03H). Doc. dr. Marija Drėmaitė, Vilniaus Universitetas, humanitariniai mokslai, menotyra (03H). Doc. dr. Rasa Butvilaitė, Vilniaus Dailės Akademija, humanitariniai mokslai, menotyra (03H). Daktaro disertacija ginama viešame menotyros mokslo krypties tarybos posėdyje 2018 m. balandžio 13 d., 12 val. Vytauto Didžiojo universitete. Adresas: 207 kab., Muitinės g. 7, Kaunas. Daktaro disertacijos santrauka išsiųsta 2018 m. kovo 13 d. Disertaciją galima peržiūrėti Lietuvos Edukologijos universiteto ir Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto bibliotekose 4 INTRODUCTION Novelty and relevance of the study. In Lithuania, the majority of the railway infrastructure has not been not explored, the interest has been focused on individual objects, separate topics. In this dissertation, for the first time, the architectural heritage of the railway is considered complexly, as a whole. The study focuses on revealing several new and essential aspects: in this work, the railway architecture and its changes are related to the history of the construction, political, economic and social issues of the country. The latter circumstances, prevailing architectural tendencies, and engineers and architects created the architectural peculiarities of the railways of the country throughout the period under consideration. In the second aspect, the significance of the railway station as an entire complex is highlighted, the changes that have taken place at different times, their importance are revealed. Special attention is paid to highlighting the specific structure of the station, highlighting the interactions between the railway and the city and its impact on the landscape of a city. During the preparation of this dissertation, a number of historical sources from the Russian and Lithuanian archives, the press of interwar period was revealed that will complement the history of Lithuanian architecture with new facts about the architectural objects of the railway system and their creators. On the basis of them, the dates of construction of different buildings were clarified, the circumstances, their purpose, the authors of some projects were discovered. With the help of historical sources and iconographic material, a catalog of wide and narrow railway stations built at various times (1860–1990) in the territory of Lithuania was established. The dissertation presents new material, sources and studies to broaden the field of research in the field of industrial heritage, highlight the importance of railways in the process of industrialization, and will be resilient, furthering the further research of the railway infrastructure. The collected material will help in the event of a threat of extinction, will help in the process of ingestion, heritage protection and heritage management. Based on the research carried out, public awareness of this area of industrial heritage will accelerate, the interest of the past will be stimulated. Research object. The dissertation focuses on the architectural and urban studies of the infrastructure of the broad and narrow railway tracks (in which passengers were transported) in the present territory of Lithuania in the middle of 19th century – 1990. Taking into account the geopolitical circumstances of different periods, the dissertation had to define the boundaries of the territory for selected researches: period from the middle of the 19th century to the 1918, the resources of the Klaipeda region railway were not clogged, since this territory was then owned by the Prussia Kingdom; The territory of the Independent Lithuania (1918–1940) was not homogeneous – in 1923 the Klaipeda Region accrued for Lithuania, but after the Freedom Struggles, Poland occupied the Vilnius region, therefore the railway stations of this territory will be just overlooked. 5 In the work of the railway station is emphasized as a complex, but its separate components are analyzed: passenger buildings, railroad service houses, water towers, depots, workshops, warehouses, discussed power plants and other small infrastructure objects that have influenced the development of Lithuanian cities and towns and changes in urban landscape. Purpose and objectives of the work. The aim of the dissertation is to analyze the historical development of Lithuanian territory railway tracks, to investigate the architectural and urban characteristics of stations infrastructure, and the relationship between the stations with the city's urban texture and their influence on the landscape of a city. Objectives: 1) on the basis of sources of history and literature, to analyze the political, social and economic impacts on the construction and development of Lithuanian railways in different historical periods; 2) to reveal the influence of the railway as a vehicle on the country's representative aims and industrial needs; 3) to investigate the architectural features of Lithuanian railway stations infrastructure of different periods, stylistic changes, dominant art influences, contributions of different architects and engineers; 4) to examine the internal structure of the railway station complex and its changes throughout the history; 5) to analyze the relationship between the railway station and the territory of a city, and its influence on the further development of the city; 6) to investigate the influence of railway infrastructure objects on urban and landscape changes. Controversial claims 1. The construction and development of railways in the territory of Lithuania throughout the selected period (1858 – 1990) is directly related to the political, social, economic situation of the country and ideological and representative purposes of different governments. 2. The architectural expression’s peculiarities of the infrastructure of the Lithuanian railway lines reflect three different periods: the Czarist, the interwar, the Soviet periods. They reveal the common European and national architectural tendencies which, above all, dominate the architecture of the passenger building. 3. The architectural expression of other infrastructure buildings relates to functionality, reflects the peculiarities and innovations of the period of construction and is combined with the passenger building as the central object in the territory of the station. 4. The railway station is highly enclosed, it has an internal hierarchy and a layout of buildings, which reflect the different functional areas that exist as an urban unit. 5. The analysis of the station and city interactions reveals two factors: city – station factor study reveals the influence of the urban network of Lithuanian cities on the construction of railway stations in Lithuania. The factor station – city effect on the