Quantum Theory of Condensed Matter 7721tp.lakshmi.04.10.ls.indd 2 5/3/10 9:00:07 AM This page intentionally left blank Proceedings of the 24th Solvay Conference on Physics Quantum Theory of Condensed Matter EDITORS BERTRAND HALPERIN Harvard University, USA ALEXANDER SEVRIN Vrije Universiteit Brussel and International Solvay Institutes, Belgium World Scientific N E W J E R S E Y • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • H O N G K O N G • TA I P E I • CHENNAI 7721tp.lakshmi.04.10.ls.indd 1 5/3/10 9:00:07 AM Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. QUANTUM THEORY OF CONDENSED MATTER Proceedings of the 24th Solvay Conference on Physics Copyright © 2010 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN-13 978-981-4304-46-7 ISBN-10 981-4304-46-8 Printed in Singapore. April 19, 2010 15:0 WSPC - Proceedings Trim Size: 9.75in x 6.5in Solvay24 v The International Solvay Institutes Board of Directors Members Mr. Jacques Solvay President Prof. Franz Bingen Vice-President and Emeritus-Professor at the VUB Mr. Philippe Busquin European Deputy and Former European Commissioner Baron Daniel Janssen President of the Administrative Board of Solvay S.A. Prof. Rosette S’Jegers Secretary of the Solvay Institutes, Dean of the VUB and Professor at the VUB Mr. Jean-Marie Solvay Member of the Board of Directors of Solvay S.A. Prof. Fran¸coise Thys-Cl´ement Honorary Rector and Professor at the ULB Mr. Eddy Van Gelder President of the Administrative Board of the VUB Prof. Jean-Louis Vanherweghem President of the Administrative Board of the ULB April 19, 2010 15:0 WSPC - Proceedings Trim Size: 9.75in x 6.5in Solvay24 vi Honorary Members Baron Andr´eJaumotte Honorary Director of the Solvay Institutes, Honorary Rector, Honorary President of the ULB Mr. Jean-Marie Piret Attorney General of the Supreme Court of Appeal and Honorary Principal Private Secretary to the King Prof. Irina Veretennicoff Professor at the VUB Guest Members Prof. Anne De Wit Professor at the ULB and Scientific Secretary of the Committee for Chemistry Mr. Pascal De Wit Adviser Solvay S.A. Prof. Marc Henneaux Professor at the ULB and Director of the Solvay Institutes Prof. Franklin Lambert Professor at the VUB and Deputy Director of the Solvay Institutes Prof. Niceas Schamp Secretary of the Royal Flemish Academy for Science and the Arts Prof. Alexander Sevrin Professor at the VUB and Scientific Secretary of the Committee for Physics Director Prof. Marc Henneaux Professor at the ULB April 19, 2010 15:0 WSPC - Proceedings Trim Size: 9.75in x 6.5in Solvay24 vii Solvay Scientific Committee for Physics Professor David Gross (chair) Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (Santa Barbara, USA) Professor Tito Arecchi Universit`adi Firenze and INOA (Firenze, Italy) Professor Jocelyn Bell Burnell Oxford University (UK) Professor Steven Chu Stanford University (USA) Professor Claude Cohen-Tannoudji Ecole Normale Sup´erieure (Paris, France) Professor Ludwig Faddeev V.A Steklov Mathematical Institute (Saint-Petersburg, Russia) Professor Giorgio Parisi Universit`ala Sapienza (Roma, Italy) Professor Pierre Ramond University of Florida (Gainesville, USA) Professor Gerard ´t Hooft Spinoza Instituut (Utrecht, The Netherlands) Professor Klaus von Klitzing Max-Planck-Institut (Stuttgart, Germany) Professor Alexander Sevrin (Scientific Secretary) Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Belgium) This page intentionally left blank April 19, 2010 15:0 WSPC - Proceedings Trim Size: 9.75in x 6.5in Solvay24 ix Hotel M´etropole (Brussels), 11-13 October 2008 Quantum Theory of Condensed Matter Chair: Professor Bertrand Halperin The 24th Solvay Conference on Physics took place in Brussels from October 11 through October 13, 2007 according to the tradition initiated by Lorentz at the 1st Solvay Conference on Physics in 1911 (Premier Conseil de Physique Solvay). During the conference a public event was held entitled Images from the Quantum World. Wolfgang Ketterle and J.C. S´eamus Davis delivered public lectures and a panel of scientists – consisting of Bertrand Halperin, Carlo Beenakker, J.C. S´eamus Davis, Steven Girvin, Catherine Kallin, Wolfgang Ketterle, Leo Kouwenhoven, and Frank Wilczek – answered questions from the audience. The Solvay Conferences have always benefitted from the support and encourage- ment of the Royal Family. His Royal Highness Prince Philippe of Belgium attended the fourth session on October 13 and met some of the participants. The organization of the 24th Solvay Conference has been made possible thanks to the generous support of the Solvay Family, the Solvay Company, the Universit´e Libre de Bruxelles, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, the Belgian National Lottery, the Foundation David and Alice Van Buuren, the Communaut´efran¸caise de Belgique, de Actieplan Wetenschapscommunicatie of the Vlaamse Regering, the City of Brussels and the Hˆotel M´etropole. April 19, 2010 15:0 WSPC - Proceedings Trim Size: 9.75in x 6.5in Solvay24 x Participants Ian Affleck University of British Columbia Igor Aleiner Columbia University Boris Altshuler olumbia University Natan Andrei Rutgers University Tito Arecchi Universit`adi Firenze and INOA Assa Auerbach Technion Leon Balents University of California Carlo Beenakker Universiteit Leiden Immanuel Bloch Johannes Gutenberg-Universit¨at John Chalker University of Oxford J. Ignacio Cirac Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik Marvin L. Cohen University of California Leticia F. Cugliandolo Universit´ePierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI Sankar Das Sarma University of Maryland J. C. Seamus Davis Cornell University Eugene Demler Harvard University James Eisenstein California Institute of Technology Michael P.A. Fisher University of California Michael Freedman University of California Antoine Georges Ecole´ Polytechnique Steven M. Girvin Yale University Leonid Glazman Yale University David Gross Kavli Institute F. Duncan M. Haldane Princeton University Bertrand Halperin Harvard University Cathy Kallin McMaster University Bernhard Keimer Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur Festk¨orperforschung Wolfgang Ketterle MIT Alexei Kitaev California Institute of Technology Leo P. Kouwenhoven Kavli Institute of NanoScience Delft Patrick Lee MIT Daniel Loss University of Basel Allan H. MacDonald University of Texas at Austin Naoto Nagaosa The University of Tokyo Nai Phuan Ong Princeton University Giorgio Parisi Universit`aLa Sapienza Pierre Ramond University of Florida Nicholas Read Yale University Maurice Rice ETH Honggenberg April 19, 2010 15:0 WSPC - Proceedings Trim Size: 9.75in x 6.5in Solvay24 Participants xi Subir Sachdev Harvard University Todadri Senthil MIT Zhi-Xun Shen Stanford University Efrat Shimshoni University of Haifa at Oranim Ady Stern Weizmann Institute of Science Matthias Troyer ETH Z¨urich Chandra Varma University of California Klaus von Klitzing Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur Festk¨orperforschung Xiao-Gong Wen MIT Steven R. White University of California Irvine Frank Wilczek MIT Peter Zoller University of Innsbruck April 19, 2010 15:0 WSPC - Proceedings Trim Size: 9.75in x 6.5in Solvay24 xii Auditors Gustaaf Borghs IMEC Lars Brink Chalmers University of Technology Nicolas Cerf Universit´eLibre de Bruxelles Jozef Devreese Universiteit Antwerpen Thomas Durt Vrije Universiteit Brussel Pierre Gaspard Universit´eLibre de Bruxelles Nathan Goldman Universit´eLibre de Bruxelles Marc Henneaux Universit´eLibre de Bruxelles Liza Huijse Universiteit van Amsterdam Joseph Indekeu K.U. Leuven Franklin Lambert Vrije Universiteit Brussel Serge Massar Universit´eLibre de Bruxelles Victor Moshchalkov K.U. Leuven Soo-Jong Rey Seoul National University Kareljan Schoutens Universiteit van Amsterdam Alexander Sevrin Vrije Universiteit Brussel Michele Sferrazza Universit´eLibre de Bruxelles Jacques Tempere Universiteit Antwerpen Irina Veretennicoff Vrije Universiteit Brussel Olexander Zozulya Universiteit van Amsterdam April 19, 2010 15:0 WSPC - Proceedings Trim Size: 9.75in x 6.5in Solvay24 xiii Opening Session Opening Address by Marc Henneaux Dear Colleagues, Dear Friends, In the name of the International Solvay Institutes, it is my great pleasure to welcome all of you to the 24th Solvay Conference on Physics. This is the first Solvay Conference on Condensed Matter to be held in the 21st century. Since I have only a few minutes, I will be brief. I will only say some words about one of the distinguished participants of the first Solvay Conference, Kamer- ling Onnes. This is quite appropriate at the conference that starts today since Kamerling Onnes was the champion of low temperatures (I think some colleagues nicknamed him “Mister absolute zero”). Ultra-cold temperatures have been central in the discovery of many of the phenomena that will be discussed in the coming days so one might say that Kamerlingh Onnes is one of