NACIONES UNIDAS A Asamblea General Distr. GENERAL A/HRC/12/34/Add.2 26 de agosto de 2009 ESPAÑOL Original: INGLÉS CONSEJO DE DERECHOS HUMANOS 12º período de sesiones Tema 3 de la agenda PROMOCIÓN Y PROTECCIÓN DE TODOS LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS, CIVILES, POLÍTICOS, ECONÓMICOS, SOCIALES Y CULTURALES, INCLUIDO EL DERECHO AL DESARROLLO Informe del Relator Especial sobre la situación de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales de los indígenas, James Anaya* Adición INFORME SOBRE LA SITUACIÓN DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS DE LOS PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS EN EL BRASIL** * Documento presentado con retraso. ** El resumen del presente informe se distribuye en todos los idiomas oficiales. El informe, que figura en el anexo al resumen, se distribuye únicamente en el idioma en que se presentó. GE.09-15113 (S) 090909 140909 A/HRC/12/34/Add.2 página 2 Resumen El presente informe se presenta tras la visita realizada al Brasil por el Relator Especial sobre la situación de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales de los indígenas y trata de las cuestiones de los pueblos indígenas del Brasil relativas a la realización de su derecho a la autodeterminación y los derechos humanos conexos. El Relator Especial señala que el Gobierno del Brasil ha manifestado el compromiso de favorecer los derechos de los pueblos indígenas de conformidad con las normas internacionales pertinentes y en este sentido ha ratificado el Convenio sobre pueblos indígenas y tribales en países independientes (Nº 169) de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, y ha apoyado la aprobación de la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas. Además, el Brasil cuenta con importantes garantías de protección para los pueblos indígenas previstas en la Constitución y en otros instrumentos legales y su Gobierno ha elaborado una serie de programas importantes en relación con los derechos sobre las tierras indígenas, desarrollo, salud y educación. Sin embargo, el Relator Especial observa que los pueblos indígenas del Brasil continúan teniendo muchas dificultades para disfrutar plenamente de sus derechos humanos. Es preciso seguir trabajando para que los pueblos indígenas puedan ejercer sin limitación su derecho a la libre determinación en el marco de un Estado brasileño respetuoso con la diversidad, lo que implica el control de sus propias vidas, comunidades y tierras, y la participación efectiva en todas las decisiones que les afectan de acuerdo con sus propios patrones culturales y estructuras de autoridad. Consciente de estos problemas, el Relator Especial ofrece varias recomendaciones que pueden servir para incrementar el reconocimiento y la protección de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas en el Brasil, de conformidad con los compromisos contraídos por el Gobierno. A/HRC/12/34/Add.2 página 3 Anexo REPORT OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE, JAMES ANAYA, ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN BRAZIL CONTENTS Paragraphs Page I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 - 6 4 II. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT .................................................. 7 - 35 5 A. The indigenous peoples of Brazil .............................................. 7 - 10 5 B. Applicable law and indigenous-specific Government policy ......................................................................................... 11 - 20 6 C. Self-determination of indigenous peoples ................................. 21 - 25 8 D. Indigenous issues within the current political environment ...... 26 - 30 9 E. The Raposa Serra do Sol case .................................................... 31 - 35 10 III. LAND AND RESOURCE ISSUES OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES .......................................................................................... 36 - 58 12 A. Protecting indigenous lands and resources ................................ 36 - 40 12 B. Process of land delimitation, demarcation and titling ................................................................................... 41 - 45 13 C. Non-indigenous occupation and invasion of indigenous lands ........................................................................ 46 - 54 14 D. Large-scale development and mining projects .......................... 55 - 58 16 IV. INDIGENOUS DEVELOPMENT AND RELATED HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNS ...................................................... 59 - 69 17 A. Policy issues .............................................................................. 59 - 61 17 B. Health ........................................................................................ 62 - 65 18 C. Education ................................................................................... 66 - 69 19 V. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................... 70 - 76 21 VI. RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................. 77 - 99 22 A/HRC/12/34/Add.2 página 4 I. INTRODUCTION 1. This report examines the human rights situation of indigenous people in Brazil in light of relevant international human rights standards, and makes a series of recommendations to assist ongoing efforts to implement these standards. The report is based on information gathered by the Special Rapporteur during a visit to Brazil from 18 to 25 August 2008 and on subsequent research and exchanges of information. The visit followed requests by various indigenous peoples’ organizations throughout the country and was carried out with the cooperation of the Government of Brazil. 2. During his visit to Brazil, the Special Rapporteur consulted with Government officials, indigenous peoples and their organizations, representatives of the United Nations and members of civil society. In Brasilia, the Special Rapporteur held meetings with officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Justice, including the National Indian Foundation (FUNAI), the Special Secretariat for Human Rights, the Office of the Federal Prosecutor, the Ministry of Education and the National Foundation for Health (FUNASA), and with the Attorney General of Brazil and members of the Indigenous Front of the National Congress. He also held consultations with the United Nations Resident Coordinator and with representatives of United Nations agencies with offices in Brazil. 3. The Special Rapporteur met with representatives of various indigenous organizations of the country at the national and regional levels, including the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Brazilian Amazon (COIAB) and its affiliates; Articulation of Indigenous Peoples of the Northeast, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo (APOINME); the Federation of Indigenous Organizations of the Rio Negro (FOIRN); and Indigenous Council of the State of Roraima (CIR); as well as with civil society organizations, including the Socio-Environmental Institute (ISA). The Special Rapporteur participated in a forum with various indigenous organizations during a seminar to discuss proposals for a new statute on indigenous peoples organized by the National Commission of Indigenous Policy (CNPI). 4. The Special Rapporteur conducted field trips to Manaus and the Alto Rio Negro region in the State of Amazonas; Boa Vista and the Raposa Serra do Sol and Yanomani indigenous territories in the State of Roraima; and Campo Grande, Dourados, and nearby indigenous communities in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. During these trips he consulted with State and local Government officials, military authorities, indigenous communities and organizations, and members of civil society. 5. Within the short time period in which the visit took place, the Special Rapporteur endeavoured to consult with and receive information from as many indigenous communities and their representatives as possible, and had the opportunity to visit, among others, the communities of Cunuri in Amazonas; Serra do Sol, Surucucu, Demini Malacacheta, and Surumú in Roraima; and Panambizinho, Passo Pirajú, Bororó, and Jaguapiru in Mato Grosso do Sul, as well as the Aldeia Urbana in Campo Grande. 6. The Special Rapporteur expresses his appreciation to the Government of Brazil, especially the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and FUNAI, and indigenous peoples’ organizations for the support they provided for the visit. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the staff of the United Nations Development Programme in Brasilia and the interpreter for the visit for their A/HRC/12/34/Add.2 página 5 instrumental role in the preparation and execution of the visit. Finally, the Special Rapporteur expresses his gratitude to Dr. Erika Yamada and to the staff of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva for their assistance in undertaking the visit and in the preparation of this report. II. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT A. The indigenous peoples of Brazil 7. According to Government statistics, indigenous people constitute approximately 0.43 per cent of the Brazilian population, somewhere between 700,000 and 750,000 people.1 Despite a history of invasion and ongoing threats to their survival, indigenous peoples are still characterized by immense diversity and cultural wealth. There are at least 225 indigenous peoples speaking some 180 different languages throughout Brazil, living both on traditional indigenous lands and in urban centres. Their languages, customs, rituals, and material and non-material heritage, which are fundamental to their survival, contribute to Brazil’s rich