IMPROVING THE INTEGRATION OF BUILDING DESIGN AND FACILITIES MANAGEMENT Habib BU JAWDEH School of the Built Environment College of Science & Technology University of Salford, Salford, UK Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, March 2013 Table of Contents Page List of Tables .......................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ........................................................................................................ vii List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................. viii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. x Abstract .................................................................................................................. xi Chapter 1 | INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research Problem ...................................................................................... 3 1.2 Establishing the Research Questions ......................................................... 6 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives .................................................................. 8 1.4 Uniqueness and Relevance of the Research ............................................. 9 1.5 Research Limitations ................................................................................ 10 1.6 Thesis Organisation ................................................................................. 11 1.7 Ethical Considerations .............................................................................. 14 CHAPTER 2 | LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................. 15 2.1 Facilities Management ............................................................................. 17 2.1.1 History and Definition ......................................................................... 17 2.1.2 Role and Responsibilities .................................................................. 19 2.1.3 Components ...................................................................................... 21 2.1.4 Present and Future Development ...................................................... 26 2.2 Building Design ........................................................................................ 29 2.2.1 History ............................................................................................... 29 2.2.2 Objectives .......................................................................................... 33 2.2.3 Disciplines ......................................................................................... 38 2.2.4 Markets .............................................................................................. 40 2.2.5 Stages ............................................................................................... 41 2.2.6 The Design Front End ........................................................................ 47 2.2.7 Design Quality and the Designer’s Performance ............................... 48 2.3 Client Requirements ................................................................................. 49 2.3.1 Requirements Management .............................................................. 51 2.3.2 Design Brief ....................................................................................... 53 2.3.3 Processing Client Requirements ........................................................ 56 2.3.4 Achieving Client Satisfaction ............................................................. 58 2.4 Design-related FM Knowledge: FM Requirements ................................... 59 2.4.1 Measuring Facility Performance and Customer Satisfaction ............. 60 2.4.1.1 Facility Evaluation Tools ................................................................. 60 2.4.1.2 Performance Measurement ............................................................ 65 2.4.1.3 Client and User Satisfaction Assessment ....................................... 66 2.4.1.4 Benefits of Conducting Evaluation Exercises ................................. 67 2.4.1.5 The Role of FM in Performing Facility Evaluation ........................... 69 2.4.1.6 POEs Considered a Low FM Priority .............................................. 71 2.4.1.7 Linking Post-Occupancy to Design ................................................. 72 2.4.2 Identifying FM Requirements ............................................................. 75 i 2.4.2.1 Client and User Satisfaction ........................................................... 76 2.4.2.2 Operation and Maintenance ........................................................... 79 2.4.2.3 Space Layout and Flexibility ........................................................... 83 2.4.2.4 Sustainability................................................................................... 86 2.4.2.5 Energy Efficiency ............................................................................ 91 2.4.2.6 Ergonomics ..................................................................................... 93 2.4.3 An Example on FM-altered Design .................................................... 95 2.5 FM and Design Integration ....................................................................... 96 2.5.1 Studies on Integration ........................................................................ 96 2.5.2 Knowledge Management ................................................................. 102 2.5.3 Knowledge Transfer for Achieving Integration ................................. 104 2.5.3.1 The Knowledge Transfer Process ................................................. 106 2.5.3.2 Factors Affecting Transfer ............................................................ 107 2.5.3.3 Competent Facilities Management: “The Sender” ........................ 108 2.5.3.4 Knowledge Pull: Designers as “The Receivers” ............................ 109 2.5.4 Factors Affecting FM and Design Integration ................................... 113 2.5.4.1 Design Side .................................................................................. 113 2.5.4.2 Facilities Management Side .......................................................... 114 2.5.5 Consequences of Limited Integration .............................................. 116 2.5.6 Purposes for the Integration of FM and Design ............................... 117 2.5.6.1 Resolving Complexity in Projects .................................................. 117 2.5.6.2 Addressing FM Concerns ............................................................. 117 2.5.6.3 Ensuring Proper Client and User Involvement .............................. 119 2.6 Previous Contributions to the Knowledge ............................................... 122 2.6.1 FM and User Participation in Design ............................................... 122 2.6.2 Participating in Brief Preparation ..................................................... 124 2.6.3 Enriching Facility Programming ....................................................... 127 2.6.4 Considering Usability Issues ............................................................ 128 2.6.5 Combining Facilities Management and Project Management .......... 129 2.6.6 Process Design ................................................................................ 130 2.6.7 Soft Landings ................................................................................... 131 2.6.8 Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) ..................................................... 132 2.6.9 Performance-Based Design ............................................................. 132 2.6.10 Construction Process Protocol Model .............................................. 135 2.7 Summary ................................................................................................ 136 CHAPTER 3 | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................... 138 3.1 Facility Design and Management Research ........................................... 139 3.2 An Overview of Research in Education .................................................. 140 3.2.1 Approaches to Research ................................................................. 141 3.2.2 Qualitative versus Quantitative Data ................................................ 144 3.2.3 Research Design ............................................................................. 145 3.3 Research Methodology .......................................................................... 146 3.3.1 Assumptions Correlated with Social Science Research .................. 146 3.3.2 Types of Research Methods ............................................................ 149 ii 3.3.2.1 Surveys ......................................................................................... 149 3.3.2.2 Experiments, Quasi-experiments and Single-case Research ....... 150 3.3.2.3 Case Studies ................................................................................ 151 3.3.2.4 Correlational Research ................................................................. 152 3.3.2.5 Action Research ........................................................................... 152 3.3.3 Choosing a Suitable Methodology ................................................... 153 3.3.3.1 Survey Research Type and Design .............................................