Air Quality Management Guidebook Air Quality Management 1 Guidebook Air Quality Management Guidebook Project leader: Leicester City Council- Written by Acknowledgments : Nick Hodges C Eng Christine Bourbon Dr Jolanta Obszynska Sylke Davison Dr Chetan Lad Sef van den Elshout Ronald Swaton Veronique Ghersi David Hutchinson Maria Kazmukova Karine Leger Felix van der Meijden Fabio Nussio Andy Salkeld Andrew Whittles Civitas Initiative INTEGAIRE project MOST Project and FGM Graz Air Quality Management 2 Guidebook FOREWORD Welcome to the (Common Information to European Air) Project and it’s Products. The project was conceived to support Cities and Regions in developing their responses to the Air Quality Reporting and Air Quality Action Planning requirements of the European Union’s Air Quality Directives, and to encourage the recognition of the Local Authorities roles in the forthcoming Directive. The Products cover: - City Annual Air Quality Reports; Comparing Urban Air Quality across Borders; Common Operational Website (COW); Air Quality Management; Communicating Air Quality; Transferring a traffic-environmental models chain They focus on: - • the assessment of comparable data • the impact of traffic on air quality in urban areas • Signposting measures for Air Quality Action Planning • Information for the public, local authority and professional users The materials in each of the CITEAIR Products have been assembled and developed, using the experiences of the 14 Project Partners enhanced by contributions from a User Group together with complementary European and National projects, in response to two successful workshops, an external review and a Conference. Publishing the documents in electronic format ensures that additional contributions may be added during 2007. Additional Funding has been provided by the INTERREG 3C programme to promote further workshops; to recruit further cities to the COW; to develop the Forecast Index for use with the Media; to involve the Members of the European Parliament, the Department Generale Environment and the European Environment Agency more closely with the CITEAIR initiative to strengthen the role of the Cities and Regions and encourage the embedding of the concept within the European Air Quality Management mechanisms. Nick Hodges Citeair Project Partners C.Eng. MICE MCIMgt Technical Manager Lead Partner Leicester City Council Air Quality Management 3 Guidebook Table of Contents FOREWORD 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 1 AIR QUALITY OVERVIEW 8 1.1 INTRODUCTION 8 1.1.1 The context of the Air Quality management guidebook 8 2 CHOOSING MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 13 2.1 SUITABILITY OF MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 14 2.1.1 Policies, Plans and Programs 15 2.2 ASSESSMENT OF MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 16 2.3 EXAMPLES OF INTEGRATED ACTION PLANS 18 3 MANAGING AIR QUALITY – AIMS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGIES 24 3.1 ACCESS CONTROL,CAPACITY REDUCTION AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 24 3.1.1 Traffic Management 24 3.1.2 Access Control and Capacity Reduction 27 3.1.3 Parking Control and Restrictions Information 32 3.2 IMPROVING TRANSPORT FLEETS 34 3.2.1 Vehicle and Fuel Improvements 34 3.2.2 Private Fleet 38 3.2.3 Public Fleet 39 3.2.4 Public Transport 44 3.3 INTEGRATED TRANSPORT AND TRAVELLING PLANING 46 3.3.1 Intermodal Interchange 47 3.3.2 Operational Improvements 48 3.3.3 Travel Planning to provide Sustainable Transport Options 52 3.4 INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC POLLUTION SOURCES 55 3.4.1 Regulations and Legisation 56 3.4.2 Tackling Industrial Pollution 56 3.4.3 Tackling Domestic Pollution 56 4 APPENDICES 63 A. CITEAIR PROJECT OVERVIEW 64 B. AIR QUALITY ACTION PLAN OPTIONS FOR LEICESTER 67 C. AIR QUALITY ACTION PLAN IN PRAGUE 71 D. AIR QUALITY ACTION PLAN FOR PARIS 80 E. RIJNMOND REGIONAL AIR QUALITY ACTION PROGRAMME 81 F. CASE STUDY 1: ACCESS CONTROL (ACS) & ROAD PRICING (RP) IN ROME 99 G. CASE STUDY 2: QUEUE RELOCATION IN LEICESTER 110 H. CASE STUDY 3 CONGESTION CHARGING IN LONDON 114 I. CASE STUDY 4: 80 KM/H SPEED LIMIT ON A13 MOTORWAY IN OVERSCHIE, ROTTERDAM 120 Air Quality Management 4 Guidebook J. CASE STUDY 5: USE OF SECTION 106 BUILDING REGULATIONS IN GREENWICH 126 K. CASE STUDY 6: ATMOSPHERIC PROTECTION PLAN FOR ILLE DE FRANCE 132 L. CASE STUDY 7: AIR CLIMATE PLAN FOR BRUSSELS 138 M. CASE STUDY 7: SHORE POWER FISHING PORT OF SCHEVENINGEN 145 GLOSSARY 152 Air Quality Management 5 Guidebook EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The increasing importance of the state of the environment encouraged the European Commission to introduce a series of Directives on Ambient Air Quality (AQD) covering a range of pollutants and Air Quality Review and Assessments (AQRA). With over 80% of the European Population living in Urban Areas, the National Governments have used the derogation rules to introduce Regulations requiring Cities and Regions to monitor air quality and prepare Air Quality Action Plans (AQAP) setting out the measures they are adopting to reduce pollution levels to achieve the relevant Limit Value Objectives (LV), within the designated timetables. Against this background the Partners in the CITEAIR (Common Information for European Air) project resolved to develop a range of products aimed at supporting Cities and Regions in meeting these new obligations. A CITEAIR survey of European Cities revealed that many did not expect to achieve the AQD Objectives for several pollutants. + SO2 Pb CO C6H6 PM10 NO2 O3 City 1h 24h 1yr 1yr 8h 1yr 24h 1yr 1h 1yr 8h* Bologna 99999922 2 Bratislava 99 9 9 9 9 Brussels 999999229 ? 2 Coventry 9999999992 9 Leicester 9999999922? Paris 9999992 9/2 9/2 9/2 2 Parma 99999922 2 Prague 999999/2 9/2 9/2 9/2 9/2 9 Rome 9999992 ? 22? Rotterdam 9999992 9/2 9 9/2 2 The Hague 999999229 2 9 Table 1: Expected compliance of EU Air Quality directives for 2005 and 2010 (assessed in 2004) Key: 9 = objective will met, 2 = objective unlikely to be met, 9/2 = objective will generally be met but hotspots remain + Refers to 2005 PM10 objective, * 8 hour maximum for ozone In general the partner cities are confident in meeting the limit values for sulphur dioxide, lead, carbon monoxide and benzene. However all partners perceive some problems with at least one objective for PM10, NO2 and Ozone. The main pollution sources and the problems (Table 2) that the cities have to tackle have been identified as: Pollution Sources City Transport Industrial Domestic Background Bologna 99 9 Bratislava 99 9 Brussels 99 Coventry 9 Leicester 9 Munich 99 Paris 999 Parma 99 9 Prague 9 Rome 9 Rotterdam 99 The Hague 99 Table 2 Main pollution issues by pollution sources Air Quality Management 6 Guidebook It was also became clear that the way National Governments had interpreted the AQD’s meant that it was not possible to compare all reported levels between different urban areas across Europe. As Cities considered what actions they could take, no single “Killer solution” was identified apart from actions by the EU and National governments to improve standards for vehicle emissions and fuel to achieve a reduction in pollution levels. The impact of many measures would be difficult to assess even when intensive monitoring infrastructures or campaigns. Cities have concluded that improved reporting protocols are required and that measures need to be grouped together in packages to obtain the necessary Political commitment, resources or Public acceptance. The Air Quality benefits of some measures may develop as by-products of tools introduced for other purposes (e.g. Congestion Charging in London and the Stockholm experiment). The contents of the packages will vary from city to city depending on the budget, politics, geographical position, public awareness and commitment and other restrictions. CITEAIR project partners have developed the following products: - CITY ANNUAL AIR QUALITY REPORTS - A GUIDEBOOK - discusses strategies for Air Quality Monitoring and Reporting and proposes an Air Quality Reporting template which will assist professional users in comparing the performance of their Air Quality Strategy and Action Planning. COMPARING URBAN AIR QUALITY ACROSS BORDERS - the first air quality index (CAQI- Common Air Quality Index) for use at the European level, complementing existing local indices. Differentiating between background and roadside conditions aimed the Index provides easy access to simple information to enable European citizens to compare their environment with similar urban areas (see www.citeair.rec.org ) THE COMMON OPERATIONAL WEBSITE (COW) - provides an attractive platform to compare air quality in different participating cities in real time applying the CAQI. (see www.airqualitynow.eu) AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT – A GUIDEBOOK - is intended to assist the user in completing the diagnosis of their problems and identifying a selection of tools and/or measures which could help reduce the problem and improve air quality. The examples used to illustrate a theme are supplemented by Case Studies already implemented together with signposting or links to websites where other solutions have been reported. COMMUNICATING AIR QUALITY - A GUIDEBOOK - provides a strategy for disseminating information on air quality. It also contains good practices, which could be used as models for the future. TRANSFERRING A TRAFFIC-ENVIRONMENTAL MODELS CHAIN - A GUIDEBOOK - explains the transfer of experiences in developing a Decision Support System (DSS) that assesses the environmental impacts of urban traffic in near-real time, from a local scale to a wide area (regional scale). The Introduction to the “Air Quality Management“ Guidebook provides a brief overview of the Air Quality Management Cycle, indicating where CITEAIR products can help. Following the Air Quality Reporting protocols assists in identifying the problem pollutants and locations of pollution ‘hotspots’. The chapter on Choosing Air Quality Management Strategies uses extracts from Air Quality Action Plans to illustrate the Package process. The Appendices include more detailed information on Air Quality Strategies and Action Planning in several cities supplemented by links to the websites where the full documents can be consulted.