Medieval Towns Cultural Routes of Montenegro of Montenegro Medieval Towns Cultural Routes of Montenegro of Montenegro Medieval Towns of Montenegro Second edition The main material used in the project is the book by Pavle Mijović Publisher: EXPEDITIO Centre for Sustainable and Mirko Kovačević “Towns and Spatial Development, Kotor, Montenegro Fortifications in Montenegro”, Editorial team: Aleksandra Kapetanović, Biljana published in 1975. Gligorić, Tatjana Rajić Translation: Vesna Leković We owe our gratitude to Professor Proofreading: Ms. Gillian Caddy Design and pre-press: Expeditio Mirko Kovačević for his support and Drawings of the towns: Prof. Dr Mirko Kovačević, material provided for the publication. architect, adapted from the «Medieval Towns and Fortifications in Montenegro» We would also like to thank Ms. Engravings: el.travelogues.gr, Gillian Caddy for her voluntary commons.wikimedia.org proofreading of the publication. Photographs: Prof. Dr Mirko Kovačević*, Expeditio, Stevan Kordić, Marianne van Twillert, Miloš Stanić, Diego Delso, AxeEffect, shutterstock.com *Photographs from the M.A. dissertation of Professor Mirko Kovačević «Medieval towns on the territory of Montenegro – Problems of creation and development of their defensive architecture» Cover photograph: Stevan Kordić Printing: Biro Konto, Igalo Circulation: 1000 copies ©2019 expeditio The project has been supported by the Ministry of Culture of Montenegro within the framework of a public competition for awarding funding for the projects/programmes of non-governmental organizations ”Diversity of Expression of the Independent Cultural Scene”. Medieval Towns of Montenegro Contents History ............................................................................. 3 Bihor ....................................................................................... 61 Medieval Towns of Montenegro ..................................8 Brskovo ..................................................................................62 Kotor ...................................................................................... 10 Gradac ................................................................................... 64 Herceg Novi ..........................................................................14 Stabna.....................................................................................65 Risan ....................................................................................... 16 Soko in Piva ...........................................................................66 Žanjica-Our Little Lady ...................................................... 17 Kukanj ....................................................................................68 Perast .......................................................................................18 Koznik ....................................................................................69 Đurđevac ................................................................................20 Pirlitor ................................................................................... 70 Budva .......................................................................................21 Ruined towns or towns with uncertain locations ...72 Nehaj ......................................................................................26 Geographic location of the medieval towns and connections between them .................................74 Ratac .......................................................................................28 Structure of the plan and details of the defensive Old Bar ...................................................................................29 architecture ....................................................................77 Old Ulcinj ..............................................................................32 Types (classification) of the medieval towns ..........79 Ulcinj ...................................................................................... 33 Bibliography ...................................................................81 Cetinje ....................................................................................36 Photographs, maps and illustrations ......................... 83 Kom ........................................................................................37 Starčeva Gorica .....................................................................38 Moračnik ................................................................................39 Tophala ................................................................................. 40 The Virgin of Krajina - Krajina ..........................................41 Svač .........................................................................................42 Žabljak Crnojevića ...............................................................44 Oblun .................................................................................... 47 Ribnica .................................................................................. 48 Soko near Štitari .................................................................. 49 Medun ....................................................................................50 Spuž ........................................................................................52 Martinići ................................................................................ 53 Susjed .....................................................................................54 Norin ......................................................................................55 Onogošt..................................................................................56 Budoš ......................................................................................58 Morača Monastery................................................................59 Morača Fortification ............................................................ 60 Parts of Montenegro where the medieval Fortified town towns are situated Minor Coastal part of Montenegro fortification Skadar Lake Monastic complex Type of fortification Central part of Montenegro North of Montenegro Preserved, restored Visible remains Ruins, scarce remains of preservation State By dirt road By water Accessibility By footpath Medieval Towns of Montenegro Map of Montenegro with location of medieval towns and fortifications 1 Medieval Towns of Montenegro capital of the province History was Skadar (Skodra - An outline of important historical today in Albania). The road connecting Skadar events from Ancient Times to the with Narona (Vid near Middle Ages in Montenegro Metković) branched in two directions via Montenegro. One branch led from Epidaurus (Cavtat), along Back in ancient times present-day Montenegro the coast, to Ulcinj, via and its surrounding area was inhabited by Budva. Along this route, the Illyrians. Before the Roman Conquest a number of outposts the territory was strongly influenced by the developed, amongst which Greeks, but «The Illyrian State» already was a particular station existed at the time of the first war between the called Rose. This became Illyrian ‘cipus’ Illyrians and Romans, which occurred during an important settlement (cone-shaped tombstone), the rule of the Illyrian queen Teuta from 229- in the Middle Ages. The Boka Kotorska 228 BC. The coastal towns ofUlcinj, Budva other branch led inland via and Risan, as well as Medun, further inland, Anderva (later Anagastum i.e. Nikšić), Alata date back to this earliest period. The Illyrian and Birziminium. One of the latter two later State finally fell to the Romans in 167 BC when became Ribnica. the consul Lucius Ancius informed Illyrian leaders in Skadar about the dissolution of the Between the 3rd-6th centuries, some important Kingdom. social changes took place. Following the division of the Roman Empire in AD 395, a From 11 AD onwards, the region of border between the provinces of Prevalis and Montenegro, formerly part of Illyricum, neighbouring Dalmatia also became part of became part of the Roman province Dalmatia. the border between the Eastern and Western The consequence of this was the establishment Roman Empires. This division was reflected of a certain amount of Roman administration. Town life that had previously existed developed still further during this period. However, tribal organization inland was not suppressed, and the Romans retained it in their districts. Pliny mentions Risan, Kotor, Budva and Ulcinj from within this territory as oppida civium Romanorum. It seems that Risan later obtained the rank of colony. In the inland, Doclea (Duklja) became a ‘municipium’. Most likely, another ‘municipium’ existed where Pljevlja stands today. With the establishment of the province of Prevalis in AD 297, a strong administrative unit was formed for the first time covering the territory approximate to present-day Montenegro. The Roman mosaics, Risan 3 Medieval Towns of Montenegro remaining towns and went on to build new ones. Bar, Svač and Martinići were probably built in this period. Byzantine rule over both the preserved and newly built towns on the coast is thought to have been formalized only in the 7th and 8th centuries. In the 9th century, ‘archonties’, i.e. autonomous regions headed by ‘archons’ (Greek ‘ruler’) were formed. In order to strengthen imperial power, new administrative-military regions called ‘themes’ were formed out of the ‘archonties’. Bar and Ulcinj belonged to the ‘theme’ of Drač, while the