GUJARAT (KUTCH) INDIA EARTHQUAKE OF JANUARY 26, 2001 Lifeline Performance Edited by John M. Eidinger Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Monograph No. 19 April, 2001 Abstract The January 26 2001 Gujarat Earthquake (Mw = 7.7) severely struck the Kutch District of the Gujarat State, India. The earthquake occurred on a blind thrust fault in western India, about 150 km northwest of the city of Ahmedabad. The earthquake resulted in about 17,000 fatalities, 150,000 injuries and left more than 500,000 homeless in the stricken areas. The heaviest damaged lifelines were water and electric power. Other lifelines were substantially impacted, including communications, wastewater, ports, railways, highways, roads and bridges. The speed of recovery of the water and electric power systems was substantially slowed due to widespread heavy damage to pump station and substation control buildings. Gujarat (Kutch) Earthquake Draft Rev. G April 1, 2001 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................................................................................................I FOREWORD......................................................................................................................................................III TCLEE MONOGRAPH SERIES....................................................................................................................IV TCLEE PUBLICATIONS ................................................................................................................................. V 1.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 LESSONS LEARNED...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 INVESTIGATION TEAM ................................................................................................................................. 4 1.4 ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.5 PLACE NAMES.............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................................. 6 1.7 COPYRIGHT.................................................................................................................................................. 7 2.0 SEISMOLOGY AND GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................... 8 2.1 SEISMIC SETTING......................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 HAZARD ZONATION................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 FAULT MECHANISM................................................................................................................................... 11 2.4 GEOLOGY OF KACHCHH ............................................................................................................................ 12 2.5 GEOTECHNICAL SOIL FAILURES................................................................................................................ 12 3.0 GENERAL DAMAGE ................................................................................................................................ 17 4.0 POTABLE WATER SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................ 23 4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING WATER SYSTEMS ................................................................................... 23 4.2 POTABLE WATER SERVICE RESTORATION PROCESS ................................................................................ 30 4.3 SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF DAMAGE TO WATER SYSTEMS........................................................................... 34 4.4 LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................................... 49 5.0 WASTEWATER SYSTEMS...................................................................................................................... 50 6.0 DAMS ............................................................................................................................................................ 51 7.0 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM................................................................................................................. 56 7.1 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................. 56 7.2 POWER PLANTS.......................................................................................................................................... 58 7.3 ELECTRIC SUBSTATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 58 7.4 OTHER ASPECTS ........................................................................................................................................ 83 7.5 LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................................... 84 7.6 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 85 8.0 BRIDGES AND ROADS AND DEBRIS REMOVAL............................................................................ 86 8.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE GUJARAT HIGHWAY SYSTEM................................................................................. 87 8.2 EMERGENCY RESPONSE............................................................................................................................. 88 8.3 SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA........................................................................................................................ 90 8.4 HIGHWAY BRIDGE DAMAGE ..................................................................................................................... 92 Location 1: State Highway 45, Rudramata Bridge (Lat 23° 21.47’ Long. 69° 41.70’). ......................... 92 Location 2: State Highway 4 between Kotay and Lodai. ......................................................................... 93 Page i Gujarat (Kutch) Earthquake Draft Rev. G April 1, 2001 Location 3: Bridges West of Bhachau on State Highway 42.................................................................... 97 Location 4: National Highway 8A near Vondh. ..................................................................................... 102 Location 5: National Highway 8A at Sujabari. ...................................................................................... 105 Location 6: Local Bridge in Morbi. ........................................................................................................ 107 8.5 ROAD DAMAGE........................................................................................................................................ 108 8.6 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................................ 109 8.7 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 111 9.0 TELEPHONE............................................................................................................................................. 113 9.1 SCOPE OF RECONNAISSANCE................................................................................................................... 113 9.2 DAMAGE AND RESTORATION OF THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM ................................................................... 114 9.3 LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................................... 117 10.0 OIL AND LIQUID FUELS..................................................................................................................... 118 11.0 PORTS....................................................................................................................................................... 125 11.1 PORT OF KANDLA .................................................................................................................................. 125 11.2 PORT OF NAVLAKHI............................................................................................................................... 126 11.3 PORT OF ADANI ..................................................................................................................................... 129 11.4 AIRPORTS............................................................................................................................................... 129 12.0 RAIL .......................................................................................................................................................... 129 13.0 EMERGENCY RESPONSE