The Asian Vigna: Genus Vigna subgenus Ceratotropis genetic resources The Asian Vigna: Genus Vigna subgenus Ceratotropis genetic resources by Norihiko Tomooka Narional lnstitute of Agrobiofogical Sciences, Tsukuba. lapan Duncan A. Vaughan NatÎOllallnstitule of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba. Japan. Helen Moss West Vancouver, Brirish Columbia, Canada and Nigel Maxted University of Birmingham. Birmingham, United Kingdolll ....., SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-94-010-3934-5 ISBN 978-94-010-0314-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0314-8 Printed on acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved © 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 18t edition 2002 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording Of otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS) The contribution of the National Institute of Agrobiological Resources (NIAS), Japan, towards the costs of publishing this book is acknowledged. NIAS is an independent administrative institution supervised and financially supported by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), Japan. NIAS was established in 2001 to conduct basic Life Science research on insects, animals and plants strategically and intensively in order to produce pioneering results. NIAS aims at accelerating genome research and its use for plants (especially rice) and animals (insects and domestic animals) as a leading research institute. Among the several research thrusts of NIAS is to conduct fundamental and technological research on development and use of biological resources in agriculture. I PGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) The contribution of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) through the subregional network EA-PGR (EXPAND) to some of the studies that contributed to this publication is acknowledged. IPGRI is an autonomous international scientific organization, supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). IPGRI's mandate is to advance the conservation and use of genetic diversity for the well-being of present and future generations. IPGRI's headquarters is based in Rome, Italy, with offices in another 19 countries worldwide. It operates through three programmes: (1) the Plant Genetic Resources Programme, (2) the CGIAR Genetic Resources Support Programme, and (3) the International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP). Vll CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1. VIGNA SUBGENUS CERATOTROPIS IN CONTEXT ..................................................... 1 2. SCOPE AND AIMS OF THE BOOK ............................................................................... 6 3. TAXA ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ 7 2. BIOSYSTEMATIC BACKGROUND .................................................................................. 9 1. BASIC STRUCTURE OF SUBGENUS CERATOTROPIS PLANTS ............................. 9 2. TAXONOMIC HISTORY OF VIGNA SUBGENUS CERATOTROPIS ........................... 9 2.1. Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) ........................................................................ 9 2.2. Genus Vigna Savi ..................................................................................................... 13 2.3. Subgenus Ceratotropis (Piper) Verdcourt: the Asian Vigna .................................... 17 2.3.1. Key morphological characteristics of the Asian Vigna .................................. 17 2.3.2. Species relationships in the subgenus Ceratotropis ....................................... 21 3. TAXONOMIC KEY TO TAXA IN SUBGENUS CERATOTROPIS .............................. 26 3. GENETIC RESOURCES .................................................................................................... 29 1. CONSERVED GERMPLASM ........................................................................................ 29 1.1. Ex situ conservation ................................................................................................. 29 1.2. In situ conservation .................................................................................................. 29 1.2.1. Asian Vigna in protected areas ....................................................................... 33 1.2.2. Species "hot spots" for in situ conservation ................................................... 36 1.2.3. Population types for in situ conservation ....................................................... 38 2. CONSERVATION PRACTICES ..................................................................................... 41 2.1. Collection ................................................................................................................ 41 2.2. Characterization ....................................................................................................... 44 2.2.1. Germination and cultural practices ................................................................ 44 2.2.2. DNA extraction from Vigna for molecular characterization .......................... 47 2.3. Evaluation ................................................................................................................ 49 2.3.1. Evaluation for resistance to microorganisms ................................................. 49 2.3.2. Evaluation for resistance to insects ................................................................ 52 2.4. Use ........................................................................................................................... 54 4. SPECIES CONSPECTUS .................................................................................................. 57 1. DATA COLLECTION ..................................................................................................... 57 2. CONSPECTUS ................................................................................................................ 59 2.1. Section Angulares N. Tomooka & Maxted .............................................................. 59 2.1.1. Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi .................................................... 59 Vlll 2.1.2. Vigna dalzelliana (0. Kuntze)Verdcourt ...................................................... 65 2.1.3. Vigna exilis Tateishi & Maxted .................................................................... 68 2.1.4. Vigna hirtella Ridley .................................................................................... 72 2.1.5. Vigna minima (Roxb.) Ohwi & Ohashi ........................................................ 76 2.1.6. Vigna nakashimae (Ohwi) Ohwi & Ohashi ................................................. 80 2.1.7. Vigna nepalensis Tateishi & Maxted ............................................................ 84 2.1.8. Vigna rejlexo-pilosa Hayata ......................................................................... 88 2.1.9. Vigna riukiuensis (Ohwi) Ohwi & Ohashi ................................................... 93 2.1.10. Vigna tenuicaulis N. Tomooka & Maxted .................................................... 97 2.1.11. Vigna trinervia (Heyne ex Wall.) Tateishi & Maxted ................................ 101 2.1.12. Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi ................................................ 108 2.2. Section Ceratotropis N. Tomooka & Maxted ........................................................ 113 2.2.1. Vigna grandiflora (Prain) Tateishi & Maxted ............................................ 113 2.2.2. Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper ........................................................................... 117 2.2.3. Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek ........................................................................ 121 2.2.4. Vigna subramaniana (Babu ex Raizada) M. Sharma ................................. 127 2.3. Section Aconitifoliae N. Tomooka & Maxted ....................................................... 131 2.3.1. Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal ........................................................... 131 2.3.2. Vigna aridicola N. Tomooka & Maxted ..................................................... 135 2.3.3. Vigna khandalensis (Santapau) Raghavan & Wadhwa .............................. 139 2.3.4. Vigna stipu/acea Kuntze ............................................................................ 142 2.3.5. Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdcourt .................................................................... 146 PLATES 1-12 ........................................................................................................................ 150 5. ECO-GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 165 I. ECOLOGy .................................................................................................................... 166 1.1. Altitude .................................................................................................................