3848_Goeldner_00.qxd 7/11/02 9:28 AM Page iii TOURISM ᭤ PRINCIPLES Ninth Edition P RACTICES PHILOSOPHIES Charles R. Goeldner J. R. Brent Ritchie J OHN W ILEY & SONS, INC. Uploaded By Junaid Ahmad, M.A. Cultural Heritage & Tourism Management [email protected] 3848_Goeldner_00.qxd 7/11/02 9:28 AM Page xviii 3848_Goeldner_00.qxd 7/11/02 9:28 AM Page i TOURISM 3848_Goeldner_00.qxd 7/11/02 9:28 AM Page ii 3848_Goeldner_00.qxd 7/11/02 9:28 AM Page iii TOURISM ᭤ PRINCIPLES Ninth Edition P RACTICES PHILOSOPHIES Charles R. Goeldner J. R. Brent Ritchie J OHN W ILEY & SONS, INC. 3848_Goeldner_00.qxd 7/11/02 9:28 AM Page iv This book is printed on acid-free paper. ᭺∞ Copyright © 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada. 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G155.A1 G6 2002 338.4'79104—dc21 2002000779 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 3848_Goeldner_00.qxd 7/11/02 9:28 AM Page v CONTENTS Preface xv PART O NE ᭤ TOURISM OVERVIEW 1 C HAPTER 1 € Tourism in Perspective 3 Introduction 4 What Is Tourism? 4 Components of Tourism and Tourism Management 13 Basic Approaches to the Study of Tourism 22 Economic Importance 25 Benefits and Costs of Tourism 32 Summary 34 About the Reading 34 READING 1.1 / WHAT PAST AND PRESENT WORLD LEADERS HAVE SAID 35 Key Concepts 36 Internet Sites 37 Internet Exercise 38 Questions for Review and Discussion 38 Case Problems 38 Selected References 38 C HAPTER 2 € Tourism Through the Ages 41 Introduction 42 Early Beginnings 42 Early (and Later) Tourist Attractions 54 Early Economic References 55 v 3848_Goeldner_00.qxd 7/11/02 9:28 AM Page vi vi Contents The First Travel Agents 56 Historic Transportation 56 Accommodations 60 Chronologies of Travel 60 Summary 64 About the Reading 65 READING 2.1 / SOME PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE TRENDS IN THE TRAVEL INDUSTRY 65 Key Concepts 68 Internet Sites 68 Internet Exercises 68 Questions for Review and Discussion 68 Selected References 69 C HAPTER 3 € Career Opportunities 71 Introduction 72 Job Forecasts 72 Job Requirements 72 Career Possibilities 73 Career Paths in Tourism 81 Internships 84 Other Sources of Career Information 85 Summary 86 About the Reading 86 READING 3.1 / FROM HUMBLE BEGINNINGS TO MAJOR SUCCESS 86 Key Concepts 88 Internet Sites 88 Internet Exercises 89 Questions for Review and Discussion 90 Case Problems 90 Selected References 90 PART T WO ᭤ HOW TOURISM IS ORGANIZED 93 C HAPTER 4 € World, National, Regional, and Other Organizations 95 Introduction 96 International Organizations 97 Developmental Organizations (International and National) 102 Regional International Organizations 102 3848_Goeldner_00.qxd 7/11/02 9:28 AM Page vii Contents vii National Organizations 104 Regional Organizations 111 State and Community Organizations 111 Summary 115 About the Reading 115 READING 4.1 / PACIFIC ASIA TRAVEL ASSOCIATION 115 Key Concepts 117 Internet Sites 117 Internet Exercises 118 Questions for Review and Discussion 118 Case Problems 119 Selected References 119 C HAPTER 5 € Passenger Transportation 121 Introduction 122 The Airline Industry 124 The Rail Industry 130 The Motorcoach Industry 132 The Automobile 135 The Cruise Industry 142 Summary 146 About the Reading 147 READING 5.1 / AUSTRALIA•S OLYMPIC PARK STATION AND RAIL LINK 147 Key Concepts 148 Internet Sites 149 Internet Exercises 149 Questions for Review and Discussion 150 Case Problems 150 Selected References 150 C HAPTER 6 € Hospitality and Related Services 153 Introduction 154 The Lodging Industry 154 The Food Service Industry 166 Meeting Planners 170 Meetings and Conventions 171 Summary 172 Key Concepts 172 Internet Sites 173 Internet Exercises 174 Questions for Review and Discussion 174 Case Problems 175 Selected References 175 3848_Goeldner_00.qxd 7/11/02 9:28 AM Page viii viii Contents C HAPTER 7 € Organizations in the Distribution Process 177 Introduction 178 Travel Agents 179 Internet 187 Consolidators 190 The Tour Wholesaler 190 Specialty Channelers 193 Choosing Channels 195 Summary 195 About the Reading 196 READING 7.1 / WHY USE AN ASTA TRAVEL AGENT? 196 Key Concepts 198 Internet Sites 198 Internet Exercises 199 Questions for Review and Discussion 200 Case Problems 200 Selected References 201 C HAPTER 8 € Attractions, Entertainment, Recreation, and Other 203 Introduction 204 Attractions 204 Gaming 211 Recreation 214 Entertainment 222 Festivals and Events 224 Shopping 226 Education 227 Publishing 229 Marketing and Publicity Organizations 229 Miscellaneous Services 230 Summary 230 About the Reading 231 READING 8.1 / HISTORY OF AMUSEMENT PARKS 231 Key Concepts 234 Internet Sites 235 Internet Exercises 236 Questions for Review and Discussion 236 Case Problem 237 Selected References 237 3848_Goeldner_00.qxd 7/11/02 9:28 AM Page ix Contents ix PART T HREE ᭤ UNDERSTANDING TRAVEL BEHAVIOR 239 C HAPTER 9 € Motivation for Pleasure Travel 241 Introduction 242 A Focus on Customers 242 The Need for a Theory 249 The Development of Motivation Models 255 Summary 256 Key Concepts 256 Internet Exercise 257 Questions for Review and Discussion 257 Case Problems 258 Selected References 258 C HAPTER 10 € Cultural and International Tourism for Life•s Enrichment 261 Introduction 262 Importance 262 Life-Seeing Tourism 264 The Romance of Pleasure Travel 265 Developmental and Promotional Measures 266 Anthropography (Geography of Humankind) 269 Types of Destinations„T ravel Experiences 270 Other Tourist Appeals 273 Tourism and Peace 283 Summary 289 About the Reading 289 READING 10.1 / TOURISM: THE WORLD•S PEACE INDUSTRY? 289 Key Concepts 294 Internet Sites 295 Internet Exercise 295 Questions for Review and Discussion 295 Case Problems 296 Selected References 296 C HAPTER 11 € Sociology of Tourism 299 Introduction 300 Effects on the Individual 300 Effects on the Family 300 Effects on Society 301 3848_Goeldner_00.qxd 7/11/02 9:28 AM Page x x Contents Life Characteristics and Travel 305 Emergence of Group Travel Patterns 311 Social (Subsidized) Tourism 313 Summary of the Principal Social Effects of Tourism 315 The International Tourist 316 Barriers to Travel 319 Summary 320 About the Reading 321 READING 11.1 / TOURISM AFTER 11 SEPTEMBER 2001: ANALYSIS, REMEDIAL ACTION, AND PROSPECTS 321 Key Concepts 324 Internet Sites 324 Internet Exercises 325 Questions for Review and Discussion 325 Case Problems 325 Selected References 326 PART F OUR ᭤ TOURISM SUPPLY, DEMAND, POLICY, PLANNING, AND DEVELOPMENT 329 C HAPTER 12 € Tourism Components and Supply 331 Introduction 332 Supply Components 333 Natural Resources 334 Built Environment 335 Operating Sectors 338 Spirit of Hospitality and Cultural Resources 348 Matching Supply with Demand 353 Summary 359 Key Concepts 359 Internet Sites 359 Internet Exercises 360 Questions for Review and Discussion 360 Case Problems 361 Selected References 361 C HAPTER 13 € Measuring and Forecasting Demand 363 Introduction 364 Why Demand Is Important 364 Demand to a Destination 364 3848_Goeldner_00.qxd 7/11/02 9:28 AM Page xi Contents xi Measuring Demand 367 Projection Methodology 369 Summary 374 Key Concepts 375 Internet Sites 375 Internet Exercises 376 Questions for Review and Discussion 376 Case Problems 376 Selected References 377 C HAPTER 14 € Tourism•s Economic Impact 379 Introduction 380 Tourism•s Economic Impact„An Inter national Perspective 380 Comparing International and Domestic Expenditures