Imploding Populations in Japan and Germany International Comparative Social Studies Editor-in-Chief Mehdi P. Amineh Amsterdam International School for Social Sciences Research (AISSR)—University of Amsterdam and International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS)—University of Leiden Editorial Board Sjoerd Beugelsdijk, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Simon Bromley, Open University, UK Harald Fuhr, University of Potsdam, Germany Gerd Junne, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Ngo Tak-Wing, University of Leiden, The Netherlands Mario Rutten, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Advisory Board W.A. Arts, University College Utrecht, The Netherlands L. Hantrais, Loughborough University, UK G.C.M. Lieten, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Willem van Schendel, University of Amsterdam/International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam L. Visano, York University, Canada VOLUME 25 Imploding Populations in Japan and Germany A Comparison Edited by Florian Coulmas Ralph Lützeler LEIDEN • BOSTON LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 Cover illustration: Claus Harmer, DIJ Tokyo. “Population shortage nearing” This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Imploding populations in Japan and Germany : a comparison / edited by Florian Coulmas, Ralph Lützeler. p. ; cm. -- (International comparative social studies, ISSN 1568-4474 ; v. 25) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18778-8 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Demographic transition--Japan. 2. Demographic transition--Germany. 3. Population aging--Japan. 4. Population aging-- Germany. 5. Population--Japan. 6. Population--Germany. I. Coulmas, Florian. II. Lützeler, Ralph. III. Series: International comparative social studies ; v. 25. 1568-4474 [DNLM: 1. Demography--trends--Germany. 2. Demography--trends--Japan. 3. Aged-- Germany. 4. Aged--Japan. 5. Family Relations--Germany. 6. Family Relations--Japan. 7. Public Policy--Germany. 8. Public Policy--Japan. 9. Socioeconomic Factors--Germany. 10. Socioeconomic Factors--Japan. HB 3651] HB887.I47 2011 304.6’20943--dc22 2011010105 ISSN 1568-4474 ISBN 978 90 04 18778 8 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. CONTENTS List of Contributors ................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations ................................................................................. xi List of Tables and Figures .........................................................................xv Population Implosion: Coping with the Unknown ................................1 Florian Coulmas and Ralph Lützeler part I Societies of Population DECLINE Confronting the Demographic Trilemma of Low Fertility, Ageing and Depopulation ................................................................... 35 Shigemi Kono Europe’s Demographic Future ................................................................ 55 Reiner Klingholz Flexible Employment, Flexible Families, and the Socialization of Reproduction .............................................. 63 Wolfgang Streeck Economic Globalization and Changes in Family Formation as the Cause of Very Low Fertility in Japan .................. 97 Shigesato Takahashi Income Inequality in a Rapidly Ageing Society, Japan: Focusing on Transformations in the Structure of Households with Elderly ................................................................... 115 Sawako Shirahase Ageing Societies: Present Challenges and Models for the Future ........................................................................ 141 Gertrud M. Backes vi contents part II Fertility DECLINE AND Policy Implications Japanese Family Policies in Comparative Perspective ....................... 151 Makoto Atoh Promoting Gender Equality, Birthrates, or Human Capital? Germany, Japan and Family Policy Discourse ............................... 175 Martin Seeleib-Kaiser and Tuukka Toivonen Child Care and Work-Life Balance in Low Fertility Japan ............... 203 Barbara G. Holthus Actors of Social Policy Making in Japan: A Look at the Individual Level ....................................................................... 229 Axel Klein Growing Up in a Shrinking City: The Impact of Residential Segregation on the Qualitative Reproduction of Urban Society ................................................................................. 247 Klaus Peter Strohmeier part III Challenges AND Chances of Ageing Business Implications of Demographic Change in Japan: Chances and Challenges for Human Resource and Marketing Management .................................................................... 269 Florian Kohlbacher Silver Employment in Germany: Trends and Consequences for the Management of an Ageing Workforce ................................ 295 Christiane Hipp and Birgit Verworn New Housing Options for the Elderly in Japan: The Example of Tokyo’s Edogawa Ward .......................................... 309 Maren Godzik The Political Economy of Health-Care Migration: A Japanese Perspective ...................................................................... 323 Gabriele Vogt contents vii Care for the Elderly and Demographic Change: Ageing and Migrant Nurses in the German State of North Rhine-Westphalia............................................................... 347 Jens Friebe The Power of Address: Age and Gender in Japanese Eldercare Communication ............................................... 361 Peter Backhaus Japan’s Adult Guardianship System: Statutory Guardianship and Volunteer Guardians ......................................... 373 Junko Ando Japan’s Adult Guardianship Law: Current Status and Issues ............................................................................................ 383 Makoto Arai part IV Regional Aspects of Ageing AND Depopulation Demographic Change and Challenges from a Regional Perspective: The Case of Germany .................................. 399 Franz-Josef Kemper Recent In-Migration to Peripheral Regions of Japan in the Context of Incipient National Population Decline ............. 421 Yoshitaka Ishikawa Rural Depopulation and Economic Shrinkage in Japan: What Can Affected Municipalities Do About It? ........................... 443 Volker Elis Demographic, Economic and Institutional Shrinkage – from the Perspective of Rural Areas in Germany .................................... 461 Stephan Beetz Left Behind in the Global City: Spaces and Places of Ageing and Shrinking in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area ............................. 473 Ralph Lützeler References ................................................................................................ 493 Index of Authors Cited .......................................................................... 529 Index of Subjects ..................................................................................... 535 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Junko Ando, German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) Tokyo Makoto Arai, University of Tsukuba Law School Makoto Atoh, Waseda University, Graduate School of Human Sciences Gertrud Backes, University of Vechta, Centre for Ageing and Society Peter Backhaus, Waseda University, School of Education Stephan Beetz, Hochschule Mittweida (FH), Faculty of Social Work Florian Coulmas, German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) Tokyo Volker Elis, German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) Tokyo Jens Friebe, German Institute for Adult Education, Leibniz Centre for Lifelong Learning Maren Godzik, German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) Tokyo Christiane Hipp, Brandenburg University of Technology, Organisation, Human Resource Management and General Management Barbara Holthus, Osaka University Yoshitaka Ishikawa, Kyoto University, Department of Geography Franz-Josef Kemper, Humboldt University, Institute for Geography Axel Klein, German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) Tokyo Reiner Klingholz, Berlin Institute for Population and Development Florian Kohlbacher, German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) Tokyo Shigemi Kono, Reitaku University, Economics and Business Adminis- tration Ralph Lützeler, Ruhr University of Bochum, Centre for Interdiscipli- nary Regional Studies (ZEFIR) Martin Seeleib-Kaiser, University of Oxford, Department of Social Policy and Social Work Sawako Shirahase, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology Wolfgang Streeck, Max-Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne Klaus Peter Strohmeier, Ruhr University of Bochum, Centre for Inter- disciplinary Regional Studies (ZEFIR) Shigesato Takahashi, National Institute for Population and Social Security Research x list of contributors Tuukka Toivonen, University of Oxford, Green Templeton College Birgit Verworn, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Centre for Development and Scientific Controlling, Leipzig Gabriele Vogt, University