Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All USU Press Publications USU Press 2005 Anonimo Mexicano Richley Crapo Bonnie Glass-Coffin Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usupress_pubs Part of the Latin American History Commons Recommended Citation Crapo, R. H., & Glass-Coffin, B. (2005). Anonimó mexicano. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press. This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the USU Press at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All USU Press Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. edited by Richley Crapo and Bonnie Glass-Coffin ANÓNIMO MEXICANO The island of Aztlan and its seven caves from which the Mexica, Tlaxcalteca, and other Chichimeca emerged. (“Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca,” Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Manuscript, Mexicain 51–53, fol. 28. ) ANÓNIMO MEXICANO edited by Richley H. Crapo Bonnie Glass-Coffi n Utah State University Press Logan, UT 2005 Utah State University Press Logan, Utah 84322–7800 All rights reserved Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Copyright © 2005 Utah State University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anónimo mexicano. English & Nahuatl Anónimo mexicano / edited by Richley H. Crapo, Bonnie Glass-Coffi n. p. cm. Includes a full English translation, the original classical Nahuatl, and a modern Nahuatl version. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-87421-623-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Indians of Mexico. 2. Tlaxcalan Indians--Origin. 3. Tlaxcalan Indians--History. 4. Tlaxcalan Indians--Migrations. 5. Manuscripts, Nahuato--Mexico--Tlaxcala (State) 6. Tlaxcala (Mexico : State)--History--Sources. I. Crapo, Richley H. II. Glass-Coffi n, Bonnie, 1957- III. Title. F1219.A61A66 2005 972--dc22 2005022566 Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1 7 Chapter 2 11 Chapter 3 21 Chapter 4 25 Chapter 5 28 The Beginning of the Mexican War 38 Chapter 7 43 Chapter 8 45 Chapter 9 49 Chapter 10 56 Chapter 11 58 Chapter 12 61 Notes 66 References Cited 102 Index 103 Illustrations The island of Aztlan and its seven caves ii The city of Tollan and its sphere of infl uence 8 The stinking corpse 9 The scribal rubric and attestation 10 Two Chichimec warriors 12 Xolotl on Mount Xoloc with his son Nopaltzin 14 Anahuac, the well-watered lands of the Valley of Mexico 17 Scribe’s drawing of the bird 22 Places mentioned in Anónimo Mexicano 24 The region of the war of Teopoyauhtlan 31 The glyph sign for Tlaxcala 41 The four cabaseras of Tlaxcala 46 INTRODUCTION When Hernán Cortés arrived in Mexico in 1519, the Mexi- converts, four Tlaxcalan caciques, in 1520. Three more ar- ca of the Valley of Mexico ruled an empire of three to four rived in 1522, and others—called the Twelve Apostles of million people. A million of these lived in the Valley of New Spain—joined them from Spain in 1524 under the Mexico, where the Mexica capital city of Tenochtitlan was leadership of Martin de Valencia. The Franciscans were off- located. The other two or three million people were made spring of the Renaissance and its humanistic emphasis on up of conquered tributary groups outside the Valley of the importance of education, and the socializing of the In- Mexico. The Tlaxcalteca, who resided in the next valley to dians into following Spanish customs, law, and religion was the east of the Valley of Mexico, were a traditional enemy of a high priority for them. To this end, they founded schools the Mexica; they had not been conquered and incorporated at San Jose de los Naturales and Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco into the Mexica domain even though they were surround- in Tenochtitlan. In 1529, the Franciscans fi nished building ed by peoples who were tributary to the Mexica. Cortés a monasterial complex in Tlaxcala, La Catedral de la Asun- found in the Tlaxcalteca a powerful ally in his war against ción. In order to learn about those they hoped to convert, the Mexica. Although estimates of its size vary greatly, the the friars sought out native books, but almost all of these Tlaxcalteca army that supported Cortés was formidable. had been destroyed by the Conquistadors, so they encour- Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1552) estimated that there were aged their students to record information about their native 40,000 Tlaxcalteca warriors, while Cortés himself set the culture in books which were written with a Latin alphabet. number at 100,000. Both the Mexica and the Tlaxcalteca One of these was the monumental work of Fray Bernardi- were speakers of the Nahuatl language whose ancestors had no de Sahagún, his twelve-volume General History of the migrated south from the high deserts of northern Mexico Things of New Spain (1963). New codices were created in and adopted an agriculturally based, urban way of life in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries using contempo- Mexico’s high plateau. Both documented their histories in rary knowledge of Indian scribes and students, including traditional “painted books” that were created and interpret- the Mendoza Codex, Codex Mexicanus, Telleriano-Remensis ed by specially trained scribes, but the history of central (1553–63), and the Codex of Ixtlilxochitl. A very few of the Mexico is dominated in popular imagination by the stories pre-Conquest native Nahuatl books were also preserved, that the Mexica of the Valley of Mexico recounted about notably those of the Borgia group of codices. themselves and their ancestors, while relatively few are Most of what we know of the Nahuatl-speaking aware of the Tlaxcalan histories. Anónimo Mexicano is par- peoples of the high desert of Mexico comes from materi- ticularly valuable because it is one of the rare non-Mexica als compiled in the Mexica capital city of Tenochtitlan in accounts of the history of ancient Mexico. It was preserved the Valley of Mexico, which was transformed after the Con- because the Franciscan friars who settled in Tlaxcala and quest into what is now Mexico City. The city of Tlaxcala converted the native population to their Christian religion had a population of 300,000 when Cortés arrived. It was taught some of their converts to read and write using the situated in the next valley to the east of the Valley of Mexico Latin alphabet also used for writing Spanish, and encour- and was the capital of an independent state that had not aged their students to preserve the traditions of their native been conquered by the Mexica. Therefore, a Tlaxcalan per- books in this new system of writing by adapting it to the spective on the history of the Nahuatl-speaking peoples is writing of their own Nahuatl language. a particularly important addition to the more well-known Two Franciscans accompanied Cortés when he ar- Mexica viewpoint. Tlaxcala was not only important in rived in New Spain in 1519. They baptized their fi rst its role as ally of Cortés in the conquest of the Valley of 1 2 Anónimo Mexicano o o Mexico, but it also continued to have an important role in verso of folio 30 of the Paris manuscript as “enl tf os n 22 o o the ensuing history of New Spain. For instance, Tlaxcala ynb tt 5 ” (bundled together as number 22 in inventory 5). became the fi rst diocese in New Spain to function under This note was written in handwriting that Gómez de Oro- the guidance of a bishop, the Dominican Fray Julían Garcés zco (1927) and, later, Francisco del Paso y Troncoso (see (whose arrival in Tlaxcala in 1527 is described in Anónimo Gibson 1952) identifi ed as that of the Mexican lawyer and Mexicano). The original diocese of Tlaxcala comprised the historian Mariano Fernández de Echeverría y Veytia (1718– states of Puebla, Tlaxcala, Vera Cruz, Tabasco, Hidalgo, and 1780). Balbuena described the manuscript as having been Guerrero—all outside the Valley of Mexico. It was from the written in two memorandum books on twenty-nine leaves Franciscan monastary at Tlaxcala in 1541 that Juan Diego of Castilian paper. The discrepancy in the number of pages Bernardino, an Indian servant in the monastery, began his in the manuscript is likely a result of the fact that the thirti- walk to visit his sick family in Xiloxoxtla during a plague eth leaf was blank on the recto side and contained only Bal- of smallpox in the region, the journey on which he is said buena’s inventory number on the verso, so was likely disre- to have had his vision of Our Lady of Ocotlán, a story that garded by Balbuena in his description. It should be noted has striking similarities to that of the similarly named Juan that although the manuscript contains eleven full chapters Diego of Tlatelolco in the Valley of Mexico from a decade as described above, its main body actually ends with the earlier, but one that emphasized the piety rather than skep- heading and introductory paragraph of a twelfth chapter ticism of the Franciscan religious leaders of Tlaxcala to which was intended to be a history of Tizatlan (later known whom the Indian reported his message. as Xicotencatl), and that the manuscript now held in Paris Between 1581 and 1584, the historian Diego Muñoz has three more folios written on leaves that had been dam- Camargo—the son of a conquistador and a native wom- aged prior to the time of the writing and that consist of an—wrote his History of Tlaxcala, a work in both Spanish copies by a second writer, in a clearly later style of writing, and Nahuatl as a gift for the Spanish king, Philip II. In 1615, of parts of some of the chapters by the primary scribe.