New Contree, No. 77, December 2016 New Contree, No. 77, December 2016 New Contree, No. 77, December 2016 New Contree No. 77, December 2016 A journal of Historical and Human Sciences for Southern Africa New Contree, No. 77, December 2016 New Contree is a peer-reviewed journal indexed by the South African Department of Higher Education and Training. New Contree, A journal of Historical and Human Sciences for Southern Africa, is mainly published in English though all the officially accepted languages in South Africa are accommodated in all editions. Abstracts in English only are required. New Contree is multidisciplinary focused and administrated within the Historical and Human Sciences by the School of Basic Sciences, Vaal Triangle Campus, North-West University. To accommodate more articles from a wide variety of Historical and Human Sciences disciplines (that especially reflect a solid fundamental historical approach), this Journal has slightly altered its name from 2008. Opinions expressed or conclusions arrived at in articles and book reviews are those of the authors and are not to be regarded as those of the North-West University or the Editorial Advisory Committee of New Contree. Two editions of New Contree are annually published (July and December), and a special issue in November on regional or/and local- specific historically based related topics. In the special issue the coverage of any aspect of activity, topic and phenomenon s within the context of for example urban, rural, social, cultural, health, environmental and political life locally, regionally or/and in transcontinental and transnational contexts are of interest. Researchers from any academic institution are encouraged to communicate with the editor and editorial team if they are interested to act as guest editor for a special issue. Articles appearing in New Contree are abstracted and/or indexed in Index to South African periodicals, Historical Abstracts, and America: History and Life. The Journal is also listed in The Bowker International Serials Database (New York), The Serials Directory (Birmingham, USA), The International African Bibliography (London), Ebsco Host and the Boloka system. For the latter see: Website address to browse in the New Contree archive for already published volumes and articles: http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/4969 Notes for contributors Manuscripts, in any of the official languages, are welcome not exceeding 15 pages, typed in Arial font (one and a half line spacing, 12 font) and sent via electronic mail to the editor as an attachment in WORD. An abstract must also be included in English, regardless of the language of the manuscript. Contributors are asked to write in a clear and reader-friendly style. Please note: The language of both the abstract and the manuscript must be professionally edited before submitting the final approved manuscript to New Contree. Required proof must be provided in this regard. Also provide six to ten keywords (For more information, see template guideline for manuscript and footnotes on the last pages of this journal). New Contree, No. 77, December 2016 Approach to article (see additional guidelines and a template style sheet on the last pages of the journal) Using informative subheadings are important. No numbering is required. For general style and reference techniques of manuscripts, contributors are recommended to refer to the last pages in any recent copy of New Contree. Page Fees Page fees are charged. As New Contree is an accredited DHET approved journal, the cost of an article can be recouped from the earnings on research outputs. Authors employed by South African Universities and other Southern African or other national tertiary institutions should approach their institutions on their behalf regarding subsidising their page cost for articles. Authors are not expected to pay for articles themselves. One free copy of the edition in which a contributor(s)’ article has been published will be sent to the contributor(s). Editorial Advisory Committee Prof Patrick Furlong (Alma College, USA) [email protected] Prof Sulevi Riukulehto, (University of Helsinki Ruralia Institute, Finland) [email protected] Dr Wayne Dooling (University of London) [email protected] Prof Albert Grundlingh (University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape) [email protected] Prof Louis Grundlingh (University of Johannesburg, Aucklandpark) [email protected] Prof Karen Harris (University of Pretoria, Pretoria) [email protected] Prof Ackson M Kanduza (Zambian Open University, New Foundland Campus) [email protected] Prof Bernard K Mbenga (North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mafikeng) [email protected] Prof Noor Nieftagodien (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) [email protected] Mr Nick Southey (University of South Africa, Pretoria) [email protected] Layout and Publishing Editor Prof Elize S van Eeden (North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, Vanderbijlpark) [email protected] Book Review Editors Ms Suryakanthie Chetty (University of South Africa) [email protected] Mr Charl Blignaut (North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus) [email protected] Technical Control Editor Prof Eric J Nealer (University of South Africa, Pretoria): [email protected] New Contree, No. 77, December 2016 Layout & Cover Design Yolandi Jordaan: +27 (0)82 553 6463 / Email: [email protected] Printers Bontshi Business Services Pty (Ltd), Wierda Park, Centurion, Pretoria Tel: +27 (0)12 653 7263 Postal address - New Contree The editorial staff New Contree School of Basic Sciences North-West University PO Box 1174 Vanderbijlpark 1900 Telephone: (016) 910 3466 Email for subscription enquiries, Journal copies and article enquiries: [email protected] Relebohile Serobane Email for article submissions: [email protected] Subscription fees for 2016 & 2017: (A subscription form for 2017 is available on the last page of this journal) R 300.00 (Individual members - local) R 400.00 (Local institutions) R450.00 (Africa) Overseas subscribers R700.00 (76$ or 48£) ISSN 0379-9867 New Contree, No. 77, December 2016 CONTENTS Editorial i Articles Wendell Moore “Class D coloureds”: The establishment of Noordgesig, 1 1939-1948 Vusumuzi Khumalo Evaton and a quest for economic independence: A new 23 dimension to entrepreneurship, 1940-1949 Hamilton S Simelane Economic remittances from employment in the Second 46 World War and family conflicts, Swaziland, 1941-1950 Lucky E Asuelime & Anna-Mart van Wyk British dilemma and hypocrisy in the NPT regime vis-à-vis 69 South Africa Anton C van Vollenhoven Valuing the historical context of three individuals exhumed 83 from desecrated historic graves in Zeerust, North West Province Scott E Couper “Let’s do things on our own …”: Gender and class 100 dynamics during the quest to restore Inanda Seminary’s financial integrity, 1999-2001 Book Reviews New Contree book review guidelines 123 Martin Legassick Hidden histories of GORDONIA land 124 dispossession and resistance in the Northern Cape, 1800-1990 Elize S van Eeden III New Contree, No. 77, December 2016 John L Brooke Climate change and the course of Global History 130 Suryakanthie Chetty Winnie Madikizela-Mandela 491 Days: Prison number 1323/69 132 Nadine Moore Wilhelm J Verwoerd Verwoerd: Só onthou ons hom 135 (hersiene uitgawe) Melanda Blom Jacob Dlamini Askari: A story of collaboration and betrayal in the 139 anti-apartheid struggle Wendell Moore Sophena Chisembele Zambia, the freedom struggle and the 141 aftermath: The personal story of freedom fighter and leader Sylvester Mwamba Chisembele Ackson M Kanduza Anna Barry Ons Japie. Die boereoorlogdagboek van Anna Barry 147 Marietjie Oelofse Dirk Mudge All the way to an Independent Namibia 151 Tilman Dedering New Contree info New Contree guidelines for writing an article 154 Footnote reference guidelines for writing an article 156 New Contree subscription for 2017 161 A IV New Contree, 77, December 2016, Editorial EDITORIAL The December 2016 issue covers an interesting variety of research in which spaces and the impact of economy, race, gender, education, war, power and leadership prominently features. Wendell Moore departs with a discussion on the pioneering days of Orlando Township as Noordgesig during and shortly after the Second World War. Indeed Moore’s contribution cover an under- researched history of coloured townships in the Johannesburg area. She explores the heterogeneous categories of class and race that influenced government policies and propelled some urban township dwellers into a vaguely defined group termed “Class D coloureds”. She argues that the Coloureds, having to put up with this unique identity in many ways problematizes the grand narrative of coloured identity based largely on experiences from the Cape region. Further south west, and still in the Gauteng Province, Vusumusi Khumalo explores Evaton’s quest for economic independence, and also, like Moore, in the Second World War years up to 1948. By means of Evaton as example, Khumalo critically argues whether the white government at the time presented a favourable political environment for Africans to be, and become, economically independent. The manipulation of socio-economic institutions by the former National Party government to develop and maintain an unequal society through policies are exposed, as well as how local traders have responded to it. With the research discussed by Hamilton Simelane the reader remains mainly in the Second World War years but are introduced to how Swazi civilians were