Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Volume 21, Number 25 Arthropoda: Pycnogonida: Pantopoda Sea Spiders Flora and Fauna of Korea National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment Russia CB Chungcheongbuk-do CN Chungcheongnam-do HB GB Gyeongsangbuk-do China GG Gyeonggi-do YG GN Gyeongsangnam-do GW Gangwon-do HB Hamgyeongbuk-do JG HN Hamgyeongnam-do HWB Hwanghaebuk-do HN HWN Hwanghaenam-do PB JB Jeollabuk-do JG Jagang-do JJ Jeju-do JN Jeollanam-do PN PB Pyeonganbuk-do PN Pyeongannam-do YG Yanggang-do HWB HWN GW East Sea GG GB (Ulleung-do) Yellow Sea CB CN GB JB GN JN JJ South Sea Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Volume 21, Number 25 Arthropoda: Pycnogonida: Pantopoda Sea Spiders 2013 National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Volume 21, Number 25 Arthropoda: Pycnogonida: Pantopoda Sea Spiders Il-Hoi Kim Gangneung-Wonju National University Copyright ⓒ 2013 by the National Institute of Biological Resources Published by the National Institute of Biological Resources Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu Incheon, 404-708, Republic of Korea www.nibr.go.kr All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the National Institute of Biological Resources. ISBN : 9788968110665-96470 Government Publications Registration Number 11-1480592-000645-01 Printed by Junghaengsa, Inc. in Korea on acid-free paper Publisher : Sang Pal Lee Project Staff : Joo-Lae Cho, Ye Eun, Sang-Hoon Han Published on December 20, 2013 The Flora and Fauna of Korea logo was designed to represent six major target groups of the project including vertebrates, invertebrates, insects, algae, fungi, and bacteria. The book cover and the logo were designed by Jee-Yeon Koo. Preface In 2010, the 10th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted the Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing of biological resources. Since then, the national and international environment of the use and management of biological resources has been rapidly changed. Therefore, it is imperative to identify indigenous biological species in details and to build scientific data worthy of international recognition in order to take the initiative in bio-industry. The National Institute of Biological Resources of the Ministry of Environment has been publishing the Flora and Fauna of Korea to generally manage biological resources and to enhance national competitiveness by setting the foundation for the sovereignty over biological resources. Professional research group consisting of professors of taxonomy and related experts has systematically examined a variety of and wide range of taxa for the last 6 years since 2006. As a result, 90 issues of the Flora and Fauna of Korea, both in Korean and in English, covering a total of 8,888 species and 2 issues of World Monograph covering 216 species were published. And 30 issues of the Flora and Fauna of Korea, both in Korean and in English, covering 1,665 species of invertebrates, insects and algae are additionally published this year. These efforts serve to identify indigenous species living in Korea, to investigate biota, to improve the quality of national biological resources management and to provide the opportunity to lay the groundwork for the biotechnological industrialization of biological resources. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for those who spared no effort to publish the bio- logical magazines; Professor Il-Hoi Kim of Gangneung-Wonju National University. And I hope he will help to discover useful biological resources in Korea and to create high value-added activities including natural product, gene resource and medical substance development. Sang-pal Lee President National Institute of Biological Resources 1 Contents List of Taxa 3 Introduction 5 Materials and Methods 8 Taxonomic Notes 9 1. Achelia alaskensis (Cole) 10 2. Achelia bituberculata Hedgpeth 12 3. Achelia crurispinifera Kim and Kim 15 4. Achelia echinata Hodge 18 5. Achelia latifrons (Cole) 21 6. Achelia orpax Nakamura and Child 22 7. Ammothea hedgpethi (Utinomi) 24 8. Ammothea hilgendorfi (Böhm) 27 9. Ammothella biunguiculata (Dohrn) 30 10. Ammothella indica Stock 32 11. Ammothella monotuberculata Hong and Kim 34 12. Cilunculus armatus (Böhm) 37 13. Paranymphon magnidigitum Hong and Kim 37 14. Paranymphon spinosum Caullery 40 15. Tanystylum scrutator Stock 43 16. Tanystylum ulreungum Kim 45 17. Ascorhynchus glaberrimus Schimkewitsch 48 18. Ascorhynchus ramipes (Böhm) 50 19. Ascorhynchus stocki Hong and Kim 51 20. Nymphonella tapetis Ohshima 53 21. Decachela discata Hilton 57 22. Decachela dogieli Losina-Losinsky 57 23. Hedgpethia chitinosa (Hilton) 60 24. Bradypallene espina Kim and Hong 61 25. Callipallene amaxana (Ohshima) 64 26. Callipallene dubiosa Hedgpeth 67 27. Callipallene sagamiensis Nakamura and Child 69 28. Cheilopallene nodulosa Hong and Kim 71 29. Propallene longiceps (Böhm) 73 30. Nymphon akanei Nakamura and Child 76 31. Nymphon elongatum Hilton 78 32. Nymphon japonicum Ortmann 80 33. Nymphon kodanii Hedgpeth 82 34. Nymphon longitarse Krøyer 82 35. Nymphon striatum Losina-Losinsky 84 36. Nymphon uniunguiculatum Losina-Losinsky 86 2 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Sea Spiders 37. Pallenopsis temperans Stock 88 38. Endeis nodosa Hilton 89 39. Anoplodactylus erectus Cole 91 40. Anoplodactylus hwanghaensis Kim and Hong 93 41. Anoplodactylus pycnosoma (Helfer) 95 42. Anoplodactylus crassus Nakamura and Child 97 43. Anoplodactylus velamellus Nakamura and Child 100 44. Pycnogonum tenue Slater 101 45. Pycnogonum uedai Nakamura and Child 102 Literature Cited 105 Index to Korean Names 110 Index to Korean Names as Pronounced 112 Index to Scientific Names 114 3 List of Taxa Class Pycnogonida Latreille, 1810 Order Pantopoda Gerstäcker, 1863 Family Ammotheidae Dohrn, 1881 Genus Achelia Hodge, 1864 Achelia alaskensis (Cole, 1904) Achelia bituberculata Hedgpeth, 1949 Achelia crurispinifera Kim and Kim, 1985 Achelia echinata Hodge, 1864 Achelia latifrons (Cole, 1904) Achelia orpax Nakamura and Child, 1983 Genus Ammothea Leach, 1814 Ammothea hedgpethi (Utinomi, 1959) Ammothea hilgendorfi (Böhm, 1879) Genus Ammothella Verrill, 1900 Ammothella biunguiculata (Dohrn, 1881) Ammothella indica Stock, 1954 Ammothella monotuberculata Hong and Kim, 1987 Genus Cilunculus Loman, 1908 Cilunculus armatus (Böhm, 1879) Genus Paranymphon Caullery, 1896 Paranymphon magnidigitum Hong and Kim, 1987 Paranymphon spinosum Caullery, 1896 Genus Tanystylum Miers, 1879 Tanystylum scrutator Stock, 1954 Tanystylum ulreungum Kim, 1983 Family Ascorhynchidae Hoek, 1881 Genus Ascorhynchus Sars, 1878 Ascorhynchus glaberrimus Schimkewitsch, 1913 Ascorhynchus ramipes (Böhm, 1879) Ascorhynchus stocki Hong and Kim, 1987 Genus Nymphonella Ohshima, 1927 Nymphonella tapetis Ohshima, 1927 Family incertae sedis Genus Decachela Hilton, 1939 Decachela discata Hilton, 1939 Decachela dogieli Loshina-Losinsky, 1961 Family Colossendeidae Jarzynsky, 1870 Genus Hedgpethia Turpaeva, 1973 Hedgpethia chitinosa (Hilton, 1943) 4 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Sea Spiders Family Callipallenidae Hilton, 1942 Genus Bradypallene Kim, 1987 Bradypallene espina Kim and Hong, 1987 Genus Callipallene Flynn, 1929 Callipallene amaxana (Ohshima, 1933) Callipallene dubiosa Hedgpeth, 1949 Callipallene sagamiensis Nakamura and Child, 1983 Genus Cheilopallene Stock, 1955 Cheilopallene nodulosa Hong and Kim, 1987 Genus Propallene Schimkewitsch, 1909 Propallene longiceps (Böhm, 1879) Family Nymphonidae Wilson, 1878 Genus Nymphon Fabricius, 1794 Nymphon akanei Nakamura and Child, 1983 Nymphon elongatum Hilton, 1942 Nymphon japonicum Ortmann, 1891 Nymphon kodanii Hedgpeth, 1949 Nymphon longitarse Krøyer, 1844 Nymphon striatum Losina-Losinsky, 1929 Nymphon uniunguiculataum Losina-Losinsky, 1933 Family Pallenopsidae Fry, 1978 Genus Pallenopsis Wilson, 1881 Pallenopsis temperans Stock, 1953 Family Endeidae Norman, 1908 Genus Endeis Philippi, 1843 Endeis nodosa Hilton, 1942 Family Phoxichilidiidae Sars, 1891 Genus Anoplodactylus Wilson, 1878 Anoplodactylus erectus Cole, 1904 Anoplodactylus hwanghaensis Kim and Hong, 1986 Anoplodactylus pycnosoma (Helfer, 1938) Anoplodactylus crassus Nakamura and Child, 1988 Anoplodactylus velamellus Nakamura and Child, 1991 Family Pycnogonidae Wilson, 1878 Genus Pycnogonum Brünnich, 1764 Pycnogonum tenue Kishida, 1927 Pycnogonum uedai Nakamura and Child, 1983 5 Introduction All sea spiders (Pycnogonida) are marine invertebrates. There are 1424 living species in 12 families in the world (Bamber, 2011), including two species of uncertain familial status. Pycno- gonids generally are small in size, move slowly, live in sheltered habitats, and, therefore are rather difficult to be found by unexperienced people. Moreover, they have been thought to be unimpor- tant economically and ecologically and, therefore, are also neglected biologically. Although sea spiders are superficially similar in body form to arachnids and crustaceans, they are treated as an independent group in the category of a class due to their typical morphological features, such as the possession of a proboscis, ovigers, and multiple gonopores. Most sea spiders are epibenthic but many are known to be symbiotic or parasitic. Hosts of symbiotic or parasitic sea spiders are cnidarians, sponges, mollusks, and