The Life and Legacy of Little Ludwig Listening Guide Music Order in the Show (and translations): ​ ​ 1. Beethoven “Ode to Joy” theme from his last Symphony - entrance music ​ Listen how every musician is playing the same melody (monophonic texture), and how the sound changes as the instruments are added in. Can you name all of the instruments as they enter? This melody will come back at the very end of the show. Can you sing this melody? ​ ​ MELODY (Do, Re, Mi...) ​ The part of the music you can hum, whistle, or sing to yourself. You might call it a tune. Some melodies bounce all over the place, which may be difficult for you to sing, but are easy to play on an instrument like the violin. 2. Beethoven First Symphony, First Movement: Adagio molto - Allegro con brio (Very slow, and then fast and energetic) DYNAMICS (Louds and Softs) ​ ​ Dynamics refer to how loudly or softly the music should be played. Notice how this movement begins rather quietly - in our musical language we call this “piano”. Later on, there are some very loud chords alternating between the wind and string instruments - we call those “forte”. 3. Beethoven Sixth Symphony (“Pastoral”), First Movement: Allegro ma non troppo (Fast... but not too fast) Beethoven took inspiration from nature for this symphony. Can you imagine you’re out on a walk like Beethoven while you listen to this movement? 4. Mozart “Eine kleine Nachtmusik” (A little Night-music), First Movement: ​ ​ Allegro (Fast!) This is another very famous piece of music, and we hear the first few notes to know what it is! Can you sing this melody with a loud dynamic like we heard the musicians use? ​ ​ ​ ​ 5. Beethoven Fourth Symphony, Fourth Movement: Allegro ma non troppo (Fast... but not too fast) PULSE/RHYTHM (Finding the beat) ​ This is the part of the music you can tap your foot to. Many people call this the beat. Watch the conductors arm movements if you can see them. Every time he moves his arm in another direction is where a beat is. In some music, the beat changes as the speed, or tempo, changes. This movement is fairly fast, try to keep up! 6. Haydn “Surprise Symphony”, Second Movement: Andante (Kind of slow) SURPRISE! In this symphony, the melody in the strings is rather peaceful and quiet. Suddenly, ​ ​ there is a LOUD chord where everyone is playing. Rumor has it the King kept falling ​ ​ asleep at Haydn’s concerts, so the composer wrote a little joke into the music to keep everyone on their toes (and awake for his performances)! 7. Beethoven Eighth Symphony, Second Movement: Allegretto scherzando (Kind of fast, and like a joke) METRE/RHYTHMIC PATTERNS Once you find the pulse in music, these can fit into bigger patterns. You will usually find that the main pulses fit into groups of twos, threes, or fours. Try to follow the metre while the music is playing. A good place to start is the beginning of this movement, where there are four beats grouped together. Try counting along in your head: 1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4... 8. Beethoven Third Symphony (“Eroica”), Fourth Movement: Finale. Allegro molto - Poco Andante - Presto (Last part. Very fast - then a little slow - and then super fast!) TEMPO (Slow or Fast) ​ This is the speed of the music. The speed may be very slow, at a walking pace, very fast, and everything in between. Most composers use Italian words to describe the tempo: adagio, for example, means very slow; andante, moderate; allegro, lively; and presto, very fast. This movement begins very fast and wild, then settles into a slower tempo. 9. Beethoven Third Symphony (“Eroica), Second Movement: Marcia funebre. Adagio assai (A funeral march. Very slow) TIMBRE (pronounced TAM-bur) ​ The specific kind of sound each instrument makes is its timbre. The bright and high violin sounds different from a darker-toned viola or from the deep, low cello, even if it’s playing exactly the same note. There are even bigger differences in timbre between the families of instruments. You can hear the difference of timbres here when the same melody is played first on the violin, then on the oboe. 10. Beethoven Fifth Symphony, First Movement: Allegro con brio (Fast and energetic) THEME The Fifth Symphony, with its “da-da-da-daaa” beginning, is one of the world’s most ​ ​ famous pieces of music. Beethoven took these simple tones and rhythms and built the whole first movement around them. It has been suggested that these four notes represent the sound of Fate knocking at the door. 11. Beethoven Piano Bagatelle (short piece of music) “Für Elise” ​ ​ (For a lady named Elise) - arranged for 10 musicians ​ FORM When a piece of music is composed, it is organized in a certain way to give it structure or form. In songs we listen to one the radio, we are used to hearing songs with a chorus, verses, and sometimes a bridge snuck in between them. Für Elise is in rondo form (ABACA). This means that the melody heard at the ​ ​ ​ beginning of the piece comes back later on. In our show, we don’t play the whole piece of music, but we heard the main melody (the “A” section) many times. Listen to the whole piano bagatelle, and see if you can hear when the “A” section returns. 12. Beethoven Piano Sonata #14 (“Moonlight Sonata”), First Movement: Adagio sostenuto (Slow and smooth) - arranged for 10 musicians ​ Beethoven didn’t originally name this piece “Moonlight Sonata”. In fact, this nickname appeared five years after his death when a German poet (also named Ludwig, by the way!) published a review on Beethoven’s famous piano sonata. Ludwig Rellstab heard a boat floating in the moonlight on a lake when he listened to this first movement. What comes to mind when you listen to this part of the piece? 13. Beethoven Second Symphony, Second Movement: Allegretto (Kind of fast) METRE/RHYTHMIC PATTERNS This movement has a different pattern than most of the music you’ve heard so far. This time, there are three beats grouped together. Try counting along in your head: 1-2-3, 1-2-3. 14. Beethoven Sixth Symphony (“Pastoral”), First Movement: Allegro ma non troppo (Fast... but not too fast) Listen to the examples of the flute, oboe and clarinet mimicking the calls of the nightingale, quail and cuckoo. Can you hear them when they return at the end of the movement? Compare these sounds to the sounds of the actual birds found in the online resource folder. Beethoven used the string section to represent the sounds of the babbling brook. What sounds would you use to represent the South Saskatchewan river that flows through our city of Saskatoon? 15. Beethoven Seventh Symphony, Second Movement: Allegretto (Kind of fast) HARMONY (How does the music make you feel) ​ ​ Underneath the melody are more notes played by other instruments called chords, each of which sounds different. These chords can be by themself or they can help a melody sound even better. Some chords sound gentle and pleasant, some may sound harsh or unpleasant. The composer uses these to create the kind of mood he wants at each moment. What kind of mood do you think Beethoven was trying to create with the harmonies here in the lower strings? 16. Beethoven Ninth Symphony (“Choral”), Fourth Movement: Finale (The end) The melody from the very beginning of the show has returned! One of Beethoven’s most famous melodies, the “Ode to Joy” was originally a poem by Friedrich Schiller. The melody that Beethoven wrote to go along with Schiller’s words was eventually adopted as the “Anthem of Europe” because of what it represents: universal togetherness with wishes for freedom and ​ peace. ​ TEXTURE In music, texture is how the tempo, melodic, and harmony are combined in a composition, and often includes ranges between lowest and highest notes being played. Texture is often described in “thickness”. For example, a thick texture contains many layers of instruments. One of these layers could be a whole string section, or smaller sections with one or two musicians each. The thickness is then also changed by the amount of the instruments playing at any point. As this movement progresses, listen to how the texture changes. It is quite simple at the beginning, with only the lower strings. As more instruments and harmonies are added, the texture becomes much more thick. In the full orchestra version, Beethoven even added a choir! Catalogue of Music in the Show (with birth/death year, and publications dates): Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) ○ Symphony No. 1 in C Major, Op. 21 (1801) ​ I. Adagio molto - Allegro con brio ○ Symphony No. 2 in D Major, Op. 36 (1804) ​ II. Allegretto ○ Symphony No. 3 in E-flat Major, Op. 55 (“Eroica”) (1806) ​ ​ ​ II. Marcia funebre. Adagio assai IV. Finale. Allegro molto - Poco Andante - Presto ○ Symphony No. 4 in B-flat Major, Op. 60 (1808) ​ IV. Allegro ma non troppo ○ Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67 (1809) ​ I. Allegro con brio ○ Symphony No. 6 in F Major, Op. 60 (“Pastoral”) (1809) ​ ​ ​ I. Allegro ma non troppo II. Andante molto mosso ○ Symphony No. 7 in A Major, Op. 92, (1816) ​ II. Allegretto ○ Symphony No. 8 in F Major, Op. 93 (1817) ​ II. Allegretto scherzando ○ Symphony No. 9 in D Minor, Op. 125 (“Choral”) (1826) ​ ​ ​ IV. Finale ○ Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-Sharp Minor “Quasi una fantasia”, Op. 27, No. 2 (“Moonlight Sonata”) (1802) ​ ​ I. Adagio sostenuto ○ Bagatelle No. 25 in A Minor, WoO 59 (“Für Elise”) (1867) ​ ​ Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) ○ Serenade No.