Value Chain Analysis for Development (VCA4D) is a tool funded by the European Commission / DEVCO and is implemented in partnership with Agrinatura. Agrinatura (http://agrinatura-eu.eu) is the European AllianCe of Universities and Research Centers involved in agricultural researCh and CapaCity building for development. The information and knowledge produCed through the value Chain studies are intended to support the Delegations of the European Union and their partners in improving poliCy dialogue, investing in value Chains and better understanding the Changes linked to their aCtions VCA4D uses a systematiC methodologiCal framework for analysing value Chains in agriCulture, livestoCk, fishery, aquaCulture and agroforestry. More information inCluding reports and communication material Can be found at: https://europa.eu/CapaCity4dev/value-chain-analysis-for- development-vca4d- Team Composition Ben Bennett, Team Leader and eConomist (NRI) Muriel Figué, social expert (CIRAD) Mathieu Vigne, environmental expert (CIRAD) Charles Chakoma, national consultant (independent) Pamela KatiC, support to economist (NRI) The report was produCed through the finanCial support of the European Union. Its content is the sole responsibility of its authors and does not neCessarily refleCt the views of the European Union. The report has been realised within a projeCt finanCed by the European Union (VCA4D CTR 2016/375-804). Citation of this report: Bennett, B., Chakoma, C., Figué, M, Vigne, M., KatiC, P.; 2019. Beef Value Chain Analysis in Zimbabwe. Report for the European Union, DG-DEVCO. Value Chain Analysis for Development ProjeCt (VCA4D CTR 2016/375-804), 193 pages + annexes. Table of Contents Table of tables .......................................................................................................... 5 Table of figures ........................................................................................................ 8 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 10 Executive summary ................................................................................................. 11 1. INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT ....................................................................... 26 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 26 1.2 Context ............................................................................................................................. 26 1.3 Scope ............................................................................................................................... 27 1.4 Method ............................................................................................................................. 27 2. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 31 2.1 Introduction and background .............................................................................................. 31 2.1.1 Historical background ................................................................................................................... 31 2.1.2 Current context ........................................................................................................................... 32 2.2 General description of the beef value chain in Zimbabwe ...................................................... 37 2.2.1 Beef and the Zimbabwean economy ............................................................................................ 37 2.2.2 Public sector ................................................................................................................................. 71 2.2.3 Key policies impacting on the beef value chain ............................................................................ 74 2.3 Technical Diagnosis ........................................................................................................... 76 2.3.1 Beef Production ........................................................................................................................... 76 2.3.2 Main functions of livestock/Products/ productivity ....................................................................... 78 2.3.3 Inspection; Levies/ Regulation ..................................................................................................... 79 2.3.4 Farming systems ......................................................................................................................... 81 2.4 Vertical integration in the Zimbabwe beef value chain .......................................................... 82 2.5 Horizontal integration in the Zimbabwe beef value chain ...................................................... 83 2.6 Governance of the beef value chain ..................................................................................... 86 2.7 Conclusion of the functional analysis ................................................................................... 87 3. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ...................................................................................... 89 3.1 Introduction and background .............................................................................................. 89 3.1.1 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 89 3.1.2 Building the AgriFood chain Analysis (AFA) model ...................................................................... 89 3.2 Considerations in the national economy .............................................................................. 92 3.2.1 Taxes, subsidies, depreciation, interest and the value of foreign exchange. ................................. 92 3.2.2 Inflation and the domestic cost of money (interest) ..................................................................... 92 3.2.3 The value of foreign exchange and cash ....................................................................................... 93 3.2.4 Rent seeking and the cost of doing business ................................................................................ 93 3.2.5 Government interventions ........................................................................................................... 94 3.2.6 Taxes and duties .......................................................................................................................... 94 3.3 Financial analysis: viability for every type of actors ............................................................... 94 3.4 Consolidation of Value Chain Accounts ................................................................................ 97 3.5 Effects on the national economy ....................................................................................... 100 3.6 Sustainability of viability within the global economy ............................................................. 102 3.7 Growth inclusiveness ........................................................................................................ 103 3.8 Economic analysis: conclusions ......................................................................................... 108 2 4. SOCIAL ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 111 4.1 Introduction and background ............................................................................................. 111 4.2 Main functions of cattle ..................................................................................................... 112 4.2.1 Draft animal power ..................................................................................................................... 112 4.2.2 Social and religious life ............................................................................................................... 113 4.2.3 Saving ........................................................................................................................................ 114 4.2.4 Manure, Meat and Milk ............................................................................................................... 114 4.2.5 Income source ............................................................................................................................ 114 4.3 Working Conditions .......................................................................................................... 115 4.3.1 Respect of Labour Rights ............................................................................................................ 116 4.3.2 Child Labour ............................................................................................................................. 122 4.3.3 Job safety .................................................................................................................................. 125 4.3.4 Job attractiveness ..................................................................................................................... 126 4.4 Land and Water Rights ..................................................................................................... 128 4.4.1 Adherence to VGGT ................................................................................................................... 129 4.4.2 Transparency, participation and consultation ............................................................................. 130 4.4.3