Grapevine genetic resources: evaluation and pre-breeding at the European level rapevine Breeding Reinhard Töpfer and Erika Maul Institut für Rebenzüchtung Geilweilerhof – Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof www.jki.bund.de Grapevine Databases at JKI • begin 1983 – since 1996 on internet • cultivar-related • the only literature DB for viticulture and oenology • > 20.000 cultivars, breeding strains and • currently 74.000 documents (since 1969) wild species • bibliographical information, abstracts, DOI, full text • passport-, resistance- and marker data • since 1994 technical journals in German • ca. 7.000 accesses/month • ~ 2.500 visitors/month with 30.000 accesses • www.vivc.de • co-funding with Rheinland-Pfalz • Editor of VITIS (since 1957) • www.vitis-vea.de • since 1997 on internet • since 2010 on internet • accession-related • accession-related • maintained by curators of European repositories online • 4224 accessions from 7 collections in Germany*) • ~ 40.000 accessions • www.deutsche-genbank-reben.de • characterisation-, evaluation-, marker data, photos • ca. 1.300 accesses/month • www.eu-vitis.de *) ~ 3800 accessions at JKI Start of grapevine maintenance activities in Europe 1982: First official agreements on important measures • IBPGR-working group „Vitis Genetic Resources“ Thessaloniki, Greece, 29 April – 1 May, 1982 Chair: Prof. G. Alleweldt Inventory of maintenance activities in Europe Collection of old neglected cultivars Description of cultivars for identification of synonymy through Utilization of morphological descriptors (21 characteristics) • OIV-expert group „Vine selection“ Adoption of resolution N° 2/82 recommending Collection in centers of high genetic diversity Maintenance of Vitis-species, cultivars and clones in repositories Development of international collaboration between repositories Free exchange of grape material Start of grapevine maitenance activities in Europe One of the first steps: implementation of a worldwide inventory of germplasm Objectives: - Documentation of worldwide existing collections - Documentation of the therein maintained accessions Results: - Répertoire mondial des collections de Vitis (OIV 1987) - Establishment of the Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC, since 1984) Since 1996: Web presence of VIVC Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) Main objectives Registration of the worldwide existing and/or documented grape germplasm Comprehensive description of grape germplasm Solution of synonymy, homonymy and misnaming Contribution in monitoring endangered germplasm preservation Recording of cultivar describing bibliography Genetic profiles for 3457 prime names are currently available The outcome of European wide cooperation (4 projects) to solve synonymy, homonymy and misnaming of grapevine by using SSRs: Genres081 (1997 – 2002) Black Sea project (2003 – 2007) GrapeGen06 (2007 – 2011) COST Action FA1003 (2010 – 2014) Genetic profiles for 3457 prime names are currently available 56 participating Repositories: Geisenheim Veitshöchheim Neustadt Hassloch Karlstein Siebeldingen Weinsberg Perna Novocherkassk Lednice Colmar Freiburg Modra Klosterneuburg Senkvice Tarcal Aarau Wädenswil Eger Chisinau Bern Salez Iasi Odessa Pully Kecskemet Villenave-d‘Ornon Keszthely San Michele all‘Adige Udine Milano Anapa Conegliano Ljubljana Pecs Grugliasco San Floriano Yalta Zagreb Piacenza Novi Sad Skra Testing Station Valea Calugareasca Bologna Constanta Tiflis Baku Regua Vassal Le Grau du Roi Dragasani Faenza Belgrade Zemun Giurgiu Dabuleni Pisa Split Pleven Dois Portos Madrid Yerewan Oeiras Podgorica Tirana Skopje Tekirdag Turi Thessaloniki Jerez de la Frontera Thermi Menemen – Izmir Manisa Palermo Lykovrissi Nikosia Limassol European Vitis Database Data import and management by curators of repositories: Datenimport •passport data (content of repository) Data check during data import•characterisation data •marker data •fotos •virus data F • Vitis sylvestris- populations F F F F F F F F F F F F 56 European Grapevine repositories Maintain 36.998 accessions Riesling Weisser Heunisch x (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris x Traminer) ? First mentioning: 1435Rüsselsheim: bill for plants 1453Diebach: vines in a vineyard 1464/1465 Trier: plants for cultivation 1490First documented mentioning of a vineyard (“Ruslingwingart”) near Worms. powdery mildew downy mildew Available Resistance Loci within Wine Grapes Downy mildew Powdery mildew Rpv1 Rpv3none-1Rpv3-2 Rpv10 Rpv12 Run1 Ren1noneRen3 Ren4 in current resistant cultivars: in traditional cultivars: Rpv1 Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Rpv1 Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Rpv1 Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Run1 Ren1 Run1 Ren1 Run1 Ren1 Ren3 Ren3 Ren3 1&1 1&1 0&0 www.jki.bund.de Principal of Grapevine Breeding cultivated Vitis vinifera Vitis wild species – High quality – Poor quality – No mildew resistance – High mildew resistance Repetitive pseudo backcrosses using various V. vinifera cultivars e. g. Vitis amurensis New cultivars e.g. `Müller-Thurgau´ – High quality – High mildew resistance e.g. `Solaris´ Breeder: WBI Freiburg www.jki.bund.de Available Resistance Loci within French and American Hybrids Downy mildew Powdery mildew Rpv3-1 … Ren3 … in current resistant cultivars: in traditional cultivars: Rpv1 Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Rpv1 Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Rpv1 Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Run1 Ren1 Run1 Ren1 Run1 Ren1 Ren3 Ren3 Ren3 1&1 1&1 0&0 www.jki.bund.de Available Resistance Loci within French and American Hybrids and from Introgressions Downy mildew Powdery mildew Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Ren3 in current resistant cultivars: in traditional cultivars: Rpv1 Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Rpv1 Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Rpv1 Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Run1 Ren1 Run1 Ren1 Run1 Ren1 Ren3 Ren3 Ren3 1&1 1&1 0&0 www.jki.bund.de Available Resistance Loci in Advanced Genetic Background Downy mildew Powdery mildew Rpv1 Rpv3-1Rpv3-2 Rpv10 Rpv12 Run1 Ren1 Ren3 Ren4 in current resistant cultivars: in traditional cultivars: Rpv1 Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Rpv1 Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Rpv1 Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Run1 Ren1 Run1 Ren1 Run1 Ren1 Ren3 Ren3 Ren3 1&1 1&1 0&0 www.jki.bund.de Regent Cross 1967 Variety protection 1994 Classification 1996 Occurrence of Fungicide Resistances (according to HG Hewitt (1998) Fungicides in Crop Protection, modified by Deising et al.) Class of First Years prior to Pathogen Fungicides occurrence occurrence of of resistance resistance Organic mercury 1964 40 Pyrenophora avenae Benzimidazole 1970 2 Venturia inaequalis, Botrytis cinerea Phenylamide 1980 2 Phytophthora infestans, Plasmopara viticola Dicarboximide 1982 5 Botrytis cinerea DMIs 1982 4 Blumeria graminis Carboxanilide 1986 14 Ustilago nuda Morpholine 1994 34 Blumeria graminis Strobilurine 1998 2 Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici www.jki.bund.de Resistance Breeding in Germany 1925 beginning of resistance breeding … identification of resistance loci: 1950 Aris, Siegfriedrebe 1950 1990 Phoenix 1990 Orion, Staufer Regent, Sirius, Merzling Hibernal, Rondo, Prinzipal, Bronner 2000 2000 Johanniter Ren2 Rpv1 Saphira, Solaris 2005 Helios Run1 C.Carbon, C.Carol, C.Cortis, Rpv2 Prior, Monarch, Bolero Rpv3.1, Rpv4 Ren3 Ren1 Allegro Rpv5, Rpv6, Rpv7 2010 Accent, Piroso Villaris, Reberger, Calandro Rpv8, Rpv9, Rpv11,Rpv13 Run2.1, Run2.2 Baron Rpv10,Rpv3.2 Ren4, Ren5 Muscaris, Souvignier gris, Rpv12 Pinotin, Cabernet blanc 2015 2015 Rpv14 Ren6, Ren7, Ren8 Rpv15 (in preparation) Ren9 (in preparation) 2020 www.jki.bund.de Durability of resistances Plasmopara viticola (downy mildew) 6 dpi Peressotti et al.(2010) BMC Plant Biol. 10: 147 Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Isolate SL Rpv3-1 Rpv10 QTL Rpv3 disappears Ren3 applying isolate SL Ren3 Bianca → formation of P. viticola races Bianca www.jki.bund.de Classical Boom-and-Bust Cycle (Form: Mundt et al. 2014, modified; original data from Browning andwww.jki.bund.de Frey 1969) Downy Mildew: Example III Influence of individual resistance loci and their different combinations on degree of resistance 9 8 7 6 Resistenz 5 der 4 Grad Grad der der Resistenz Grad degree of resistanceof degree 3 2 1 -Rpv1,---Rpv1Rpv1Rpv11 - +Rpv1,+Rpv1+Rpv1+Rpv12 - ---Rpv1Rpv1-Rpv1,Rpv1-Rpv1,3 -Rpv1,-Rpv1,---Rpv1Rpv1Rpv14 -- +Rpv1+Rpv1+Rpv1,+Rpv1,5 +Rpv1,+Rpv1,+Rpv1+Rpv16 -- ---Rpv1,Rpv1Rpv1-Rpv1,7 +Rpv1,+Rpv1+Rpv1,8 -Rpv3,--Rpv3.1Rpv3.1Rpv3.1 - Rpv3,---Rpv3.1Rpv3.1Rpv3.1 - +Rpv3,+Rpv3,+Rpv3.1+Rpv3.1+Rpv3.1 -- ---Rpv3,Rpv3.1Rpv3,Rpv3.1Rpv3.1 +Rpv3,+Rpv3,+Rpv3.1+Rpv3.1 -- -Rpv3,-Rpv3,Rpv3.1Rpv3.1 +Rpv3.1+Rpv3.1+Rpv3,+Rpv3, +Rpv3,+Rpv3.1+Rpv3, ---Rpv12Rpv12Rpv12Rpv12 ---Rpv12Rpv12Rpv12 ---Rpv12Rpv12Rpv12Rpv12 +Rpv12+Rpv12+Rpv12 --Rpv12Rpv12 +Rpv12+Rpv12+Rpv12+Rpv12 +Rpv12+Rpv12+Rpv12 +Rpv12+Rpv12+Rpv12 www.jki.bund.de Downy Mildew no resistance locus Leaf disc essays Rpv1 Rpv3.1 Rpv12 1 resistance locus Rpv1+Rpv3.1 Rpv1+Rpv12 Rpv3.1+Rpv12 2 resistance loci Rpv1+Rpv3.1+Rpv12 3 resistance loci www.jki.bund.de New breeding strategies/tools Rating of resistance loci in elite background Rpv Rpv Rpv Rpv Rpv 3-2 1 3-1 10 12 Resistance rating 4 < 5 < 5 < 6 < 7 Ren Ren Run Ren 3 1 1 4 Resistance rating 5 < 8 < 9 < 9 www.jki.bund.de Screening and characterization Biotic stress • Downy mildew • Powdery mildew • Black rot • Phylloxera Abiotic stress • Heat • Drought INNOVINE – Final Meeting Downy (DM) and Powdery Mildew (PM) Partner Genotype sat/silv Country Region OIV DM OIV PM UNIMI NAKHIDURI 06 V.vinifera silvestris Georgia Caucasus 8,1 7,9 UNIMI SKRA 01 V.vinifera silvestris Georgia Caucasus 6,9 9 UNIMI GEOW31 V.vinifera silvestris Georgia Caucasus 7,2 8,7 UNIMI BARISAKHO TURNING 01 V.vinifera silvestris Georgia Caucasus 7,3 8,2 UNIMI Seura V.vinifera vinifera Georgia Caucasus 6,5 9 UNIMI Yaghoti white V.vinifera vinifera Iran Central Asia