1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 Archaeologies 5 6 7 of Sexuality 8 9 20 1 Status, age, and gender have long been accepted aspects of archaeological enquiry, yet it 2 is only recently that archaeologists have started to consider seriously the role of sex and 3 sexuality in their studies. 4 Archaeologies of Sexuality is the first volume to explore this original archaeological research 5 and meet the challenges of integrating the study of sex and sexuality within archaeology. 6 It presents a strong, diverse body of scholarship, investigating locations as varied as medieval 7 England, the ancient Mayan civilizations, New Kingdom Egypt, prehistoric Europe, prehis- 8 toric as well as colonial and Victorian North America, and convict-era Australia. Above 9 all, this work demonstrates that variability in sexual expression is not solely a modern 30 phenomenon. Sexuality has been an important and changing ingredient of human social 1 life for thousands of years. 2 This pioneering volume will serve both as a valuable reference text for archaeologists 3 pursuing similar studies, and as the essential introduction to sexuality studies for archae- 4 ologists who have not explored the topic before. 5 6 Robert A. Schmidt and Barbara L. Voss are doctoral candidates at the University of 7 California at Berkeley. 8 9 401 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 118 • ii • Barbara L. Voss and Robert A. Schmidt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 118 Introduction • iii • 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 Archaeologies 5 6 7 of Sexuality 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 Edited by 7 8 Robert A. Schmidt and Barbara L. Voss 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 401 1 TL E D 2 U G O 3 E R 4 • • T a p 5 y u lo ro r G 6 & Francis 7 118 London and New York • iv • Barbara L. Voss and Robert A. Schmidt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 First published 2000 10 by Routledge 1 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE 2 Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada 3 by Routledge 4 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 5 6 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group 7 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. 8 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s 9 collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” 20 1 Selection and editorial matter © 2000 Robert A. Schmidt 2 and Barbara L. Voss; individual chapters © 2000 the contributors 3 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or 4 utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now 5 known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in 6 any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing 7 from the publishers. 8 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 9 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 3011 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 1 Archaeologies of sexuality / [edited by] Robert A. Schmidt and Barbara L. Voss. 2 p. cm. 3 Includes bibliographical references and index. 4 1. Social archaeology. 2. Sex – History. 3. Sex role – History. 5 4. Excavations (Archaeology). 5. Material culture. 6 I. Schmidt, Robert A., 1953– II. Voss, Barbara L., 1967– 7 CC72.4 .A734 2000 8 930.1′028′5–dc21 00–020504 9 4011 ISBN 0-203-99187-7 Master e-book ISBN 1 2 3 ISBN 0–415–22365–2 (hbk) 4 ISBN 0–415–22366–0 (pbk) 5 6 7 118 Introduction • v • 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Dedicated to the memory of 2 3 Robert Daniel Ennis 4 1946–1998 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 401 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 118 • vi • Barbara L. Voss and Robert A. Schmidt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 118 Introduction • vii • 1 2 Contents 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 List of figures x 4 List of tables xii 5 List of contributors xiii 6 Acknowledgements xv 7 8 Chapter One 9 ARCHAEOLOGIES OF SEXUALITY: AN INTRODUCTION 1 20 Barbara L. Voss and Robert A. Schmidt 1 2 3 I – WHERE IT HAPPENS: STRUCTURED SPACE AND SEX 4 5 Chapter Two 6 COLONIAL SEX: ARCHAEOLOGY, STRUCTURED SPACE, 7 AND SEXUALITY IN ALTA CALIFORNIA’S 8 SPANISH-COLONIAL MISSIONS 35 9 Barbara L. Voss 30 1 Chapter Three 2 SITES, SETTLEMENTS, AND URBAN SEX: ARCHAEOLOGY 3 AND THE STUDY OF GAY LEATHERMEN IN SAN FRANCISCO, 4 1955–1995 62 5 Gayle Rubin 6 7 Chapter Four 8 UNSEXING THE BODY: THE INTERIOR SEXUALITY OF MEDIEVAL 9 RELIGIOUS WOMEN 89 401 Roberta Gilchrist 1 2 Chapter Five 3 THE SITE OF SEXUALITY: WILLIAM BECKFORD’S FONTHILL 4 ABBEY, 1780–1824 104 5 Whitney Davis 6 7 118 • viii • Contents II – THE STUFF OF SEX: MATERIAL CULTURE AND 1 SEXUALITY 2 3 Chapter Six 4 MARY ANN HALL’S FIRST-CLASS HOUSE: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF A 5 CAPITAL BROTHEL 117 6 Donna J. Seifert, Elizabeth Barthold O’Brien, and Joseph Balicki 7 8 Chapter Seven 9 MAGICAL PASSIONS: SEXUALITY AND AFRICAN-AMERICAN 10 ARCHAEOLOGY 129 1 Laurie A. Wilkie 2 3 Chapter Eight 4 BULLDAGGERS AND GENTLE LADIES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL 5 APPROACHES TO FEMALE HOMOSEXUALITY IN CONVICT-ERA 6 AUSTRALIA 143 7 Eleanor Conlin Casella 8 9 Chapter Nine 20 RED LIGHT VOICES: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL DRAMA OF LATE 1 NINETEENTH-CENTURY PROSTITUTION 160 2 Julia G. Costello 3 4 5 III – SEXUAL IDENTITIES, SEXUAL POLITICS 6 7 Chapter Ten 8 ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE ’AQI : GENDER AND SEXUALITY IN 9 PREHISTORIC CHUMASH SOCIETY 179 3011 Sandra E. Hollimon 1 2 Chapter Eleven 3 SEARCHING FOR THIRD GENDERS: TOWARDS A PREHISTORY OF 4 DOMESTIC SPACE IN MIDDLE MISSOURI VILLAGES 197 5 Elizabeth Prine 6 7 Chapter Twelve 8 SHAMANS AND NORTHERN COSMOLOGY: THE DIRECT 9 HISTORICAL APPROACH TO MESOLITHIC SEXUALITY 220 4011 Robert A. Schmidt 1 2 Chapter Thirteen 3 CONSTRUCTING UTOPIAN SEXUALITIES: THE ARCHAEOLOGY AND 4 ARCHITECTURE OF THE EARLY SOVIET STATE 236 5 Victor Buchli 6 7 118 Contents • ix • 1 IV – THE SEXUAL GAZE: REPRESENTATION AND IMAGERY 2 3 Chapter Fourteen 4 RE-EM(BED)DING SEX: DOMESTICITY, SEXUALITY, AND RITUAL IN 5 NEW KINGDOM EGYPT 253 6 Lynn Meskell 7 8 Chapter Fifteen 9 A PRECOLUMBIAN GAZE: MALE SEXUALITY AMONG THE 10 ANCIENT MAYA 263 1 Rosemary A. Joyce 2 3 4 CONCLUSION 5 6 Chapter Sixteen 7 MEANWHILE, BACK AT THE VILLAGE: DEBATING THE 8 ARCHAEOLOGIES OF SEXUALITY 287 9 Margaret W. Conkey 20 1 Index 295 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 401 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 118 • x • Barbara L. Voss and Robert A. Schmidt 1 Figures 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 2.1 Map of missions, presidios, and pueblos in Alta California 37 311 2.2 Modo de Pelear de los Indios de California (The Californian Indian Way 4 of Fighting) 40 5 2.3 Generalized mission plan from Alta California, c. 1820 42 6 2.4 Reconstructed Monjerío, Mission La Purísima Concepción State Historic 7 Park 44 8 2.5 Santa Cruz Mission Adobe, mission period reconstruction – cut away 9 perspective view 52 20 2.6 Interior of restored apartment, Santa Cruz Mission Adobe 53 1 3.1 The leather look: portrait of Tony Tavorossi 66 2 3.2 Selected San Francisco neighborhoods 68 3 3.3 South of Market site map, 1960–1993 74 4 3.4 San Francisco gay sites, 1969–1994 78 5 3.5 Distribution of gay sites in San Francisco, by neighborhood, 1984–1994 79 6 4.1 Compton Parish church (Surrey), ground plan of the medieval parish 7 church 95 8 4.2 The nunnery at Burnham (Berks.) 96 9 4.3 The Heart on the Cross, illumination from the Benedictine convent of 3011 St. Walburg, Eichstätt, Bavaria 98 1 4.4 A Sacred Heart carving excavated from Dartford Dominican Nunnery, 2 Kent 99 3 5.1 George Cattermole, View of the West and South Fronts [of Fonthill Abbey] 4 from the Beacon Terrace 105 5 5.2 [Plan of] Part of Fonthill Domain 106 6 5.3 Plan of the Principal Story [of Fonthill Abbey] 108 7 5.4 Longitudinal Section [of Fonthill Abbey] 109 8 6.1 Detail of Albert Boschke’s Topographical Map of the District of Columbia 9 Surveyed in the Years 1856, ’57, ’58, & ’59 118 4011 6.2 Detail of Edward Sachse’s 1852 View of Washington 124 1 7.1 Location of Perryman property 134 2 7.2 North, west and south boundaries of Perryman property 135 3 7.3 Examples of mass-produced commercial medicinal and hygiene products 4 recovered from Perryman well 137 5 8.1 Ross Female Factory site plan with inset of Van Diemen’s Land 146 6 8.2 Solitary cells, facing south, Ross Factory Archaeology Project 1997 149 7 9.1 Parlor house artifacts from Los Angeles 161 118 Figures • xi • 1 9.2 Aliso Street in the Red Light District 165 2 9.3 Medicine and health artifacts 166 3 9.4 Cosmetics and selling sex 168 4 9.5 Cribs in Los Angeles 170 5 9.6 Parlor room serving dishes 171 6 9.7 Life in the district 173 7 10.1 Location of the Chumash and their neighbors 180 8 11.1 Location of the Hidatsa villages 201 9 11.2 Plan view of double post earthlodge 210 10 13.1 Green City 239 1 13.2 Dwelling plan, Gagarino 240 2 13.3 Section of a winter dwelling of Tomson River Indians 241 3 13.4 An African dwelling, from Zhilishche 241 4 14.1 The settlement of Deir el Medina 256 5 14.2 An example of a lit clos from house NE2 at Deir el Medina 258 6 14.3 A ceramic bed model, showing woman and child 259 7 14.4 Wall painting from the house of Nebamun, SE8 260 8 15.1 Yaxchilan lintel 24 265 9 15.2 Bonampak mural battle scene, Room 3 266 20 15.3 Yaxchilan lintel 45 267 1 15.4 North Ballcourt Temple relief, Chichen Itza 269 2 15.5 Miscellaneous sculpture 1, Acanmul 270 3 15.6 Reliefs from Labna and Acanmul 271 4 15.7 Naj Tunich paintings 17, 18, and 20 273 5 15.8 Classic Maya text, Temple 26, Copan 276 6 15.9 Postclassic Yucatec Codex Madrid, page 19 277 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 401 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 118 • xii • Barbara L.