1 Sustainable Mitigation Techniques for Coffee Leaf Rust in Loma Linda, Guatemala Cesar Pelli Maria Cantos Kingsley Dinyeah Minh Nguyen May 2014 Project Advisors: Derren Rosbach Geoff Pfeifer Marja Bakermans 2 Acknowledgements We would like to express our deepest appreciation to the following individuals and organizations that made this Interactive Qualifying Project possible: • Our project advisors Dr. Derren Rosbach, Dr. Geoffrey Pfeifer, and Dr. Marja Bakermans for continuously providing support and feedback throughout our project. • Research consultant: Rebecca Ziino for guiding us through the research process. • Our project sponsor Seven Hills Global Outreach and its Director Ashley Gilbert as well as Assistant Director Jesse Mattleman for sharing information about the community of Loma Linda and Asociaciόn Sostenible Para El Desarrollo Integral y Turistico De Loma Linda (ASODILL). • ASODILL General Coordinator Pascual Rafael Escobar for sharing details about the efforts to subside coffee leaf rust in Loma Linda. 3 Contents Sustainable Mitigation Techniques for Coffee Leaf Rust in Loma Linda, Guatemala ........................ 1 1) Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 5 2) Background ............................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1) Sustainable Development .................................................................................................................. 9 2.2) Guatemala ........................................................................................................................................ 12 2.3) Loma Linda...................................................................................................................................... 14 2.4) Asociaciόn Sostenible Para El Desarrollo Integral y Turistico De Loma Linda ............................. 17 2.5) Seven Hills Global Outreach ........................................................................................................... 19 2.6) Coffee Plants.................................................................................................................................... 20 2.7) Hemileia vastatrix and Coffee Leaf Rust ........................................................................................ 23 2.8) Agricultural Practices ...................................................................................................................... 27 2.9) Hybrid Coffee Plants ....................................................................................................................... 31 2.10) Fungicides ...................................................................................................................................... 36 2.10.1) Fungicide Resistance .............................................................................................................. 38 2.10.2) Copper-compound .................................................................................................................. 40 2.10.3) Sulfur and Lime-Sulfur ........................................................................................................... 41 2.10.4) Neem-Oil ................................................................................................................................ 41 2.10.5) Dithiocarbamate ...................................................................................................................... 42 2.11) Indirect Biological Control ............................................................................................................ 42 3) Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 49 3.1) Interview Methods ........................................................................................................................... 50 3.2) Background Research ...................................................................................................................... 52 3.3) CLR Strategy Guide ........................................................................................................................ 53 4) Findings .................................................................................................................................................. 56 4.1) Interviews and Directing Our Research Effort ................................................................................ 56 4.2) Initial Stages of Research ................................................................................................................ 58 4.3) Compiling Information: CLR and Mitigation Techniques .............................................................. 59 4.4) Intervention Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 60 4.5) CLR Strategy Guide ........................................................................................................................ 61 4.5.1) CLR Strategy Guide Description .............................................................................................. 64 4.5.2) CLR Strategy Guide Recommendations ................................................................................... 66 4.5.3) First Stage: Agricultural Practices Matrix ................................................................................ 68 4 4.5.4) First Stage: Rust-Resistant Coffee Plant Selection Matrix ....................................................... 74 4.5.5) First Stage: Fungicide Selection Matrix ................................................................................... 81 4.5.6) Second Stage: Feasibility Matrix .............................................................................................. 87 4.6) Tests and Revisions ......................................................................................................................... 92 4.6.1) Overall Tests and Revisions ..................................................................................................... 92 4.6.2) Agricultural Practices Matrix Tests and Revisions ................................................................... 92 4.6.3) Rust-Resistant Coffee Plant Selection Matrix: Tests and Revisions ........................................ 93 4.6.4) Fungicide Selection Matrix: Tests and Revisions ..................................................................... 93 4.6.5) Feasibility Matrix: Tests and Revisions.................................................................................... 94 5) Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................ 96 Recapitulations ........................................................................................................................................ 96 Recommendations ................................................................................................................................... 99 Technology, Society, and Sustainable Development ............................................................................ 100 6) Appendices ........................................................................................................................................... 101 Appendix A) User’s Manual to the CLR Strategy Guide ..................................................................... 101 A.1) How to Rank Criteria ................................................................................................................ 103 A.2) Understanding the Columns, Rows, and Prefilled Values ........................................................ 105 A.3) Step 1: How to Fill Rows with Numbers .................................................................................. 107 A.4) Step 2: How to Calculate Column Total .................................................................................. 111 A.5) Step 3: How to Calculate the Average: .................................................................................... 113 A.6) Step 4: How to Locate the Highest “Average” ........................................................................ 116 A.7) Feasibility Matrix Directions .................................................................................................... 117 Appendix B) Example of a Completed CLR Strategy Guide ............................................................... 118 B.1) General Description .................................................................................................................. 118 B.2) The First Stage: Example of a Completed Agricultural Practices Matrix ................................. 118 B.2) The First Stage: Example of a Completed Rust-Resistant Coffee Plant Selection Matrix ....... 121 B.3) The First Stage Example of a Completed Fungicide Selection Matrix ..................................... 127 B.4) The Second Stage: Example of a Completed Feasibility Matrix .............................................. 130 Appendix C) Excerpts from the First Interview with Jesse Mattleman (2013) .................................... 134 Appendix D) Pasucal’s Information Regarding Landscape Context in Loma Linda............................ 167 7)