StopStop hheritageeritage ccrimerime Good practices and recommendations The project „Legal and illicit trade with cultural heritage. Research and education platform of experience exchange in the fi eld of prevention from crime against cultural heritage” Warszawa 2011 StopStop hheritageeritage ccrimerime Good practices and recommendations The project „Legal and illicit trade with cultural heritage. Research and education platform of experience exchange in the fi eld of prevention from crime against cultural heritage” Warszawa 2011 Partners Supported by a grant from Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway through the EEA Financial Mechanism and the Norwegian Financial Mechanism Publisher: ul. Szwoleżerów 9, 00-464 Warszawa 22 628 48 41, e-mail: [email protected] Project coordinator: Aleksandra Chabiera Technical coordinator: Michał Aniszewski Scientific editing: Liv Ramskjaer, Anne Nyhamar, Aleksandra Chabiera, Michał Aniszewski Proofreading: English Prep Graphic design: Direktpoint - Tomasz Świtała, Wojciech Rojek Printing and binding: Wydawnictwo Polskiego Związku Niewidomych Sp. z o.o Print run: 1000 egz. Illustrations: The National Heritage Board of Poland Archive, sxc.hu, shutterstock © Copyright by the National Heritage Board of Poland, Warsaw 2011 ISBN 978-83-931656-5-0 Table of content X Introductionuction 6 Overview 9 Sidsel Bleken – Legal and illicit trade in cultural heritage 11 11 Marianne Lehtimäki – Looting and illicit trade in cultural heritage – problems that cannot be solved by one state or one sector alone 13 13 Aleksandra Chabiera – Legal and illicit trade with cultural heritage. Research and education platform of experience exchange in the field of prevention from crime against cultural heritage – about the project 15 15 Dariusz Bogacz – National Heritage Board of Poland 17 17 Liv Ramskjaer – Arts Council Norway (Norsk Kulturråd) 19 19 Anne Nyhamar – Riksantikvaren - The Directorate for Cultural Heritage 21 21 Robert Domżał – The Polish Maritime Museum in Gdańsk 23 Problems, recommendations, good practices 23 Liv Ramskjær – Norwegian Legislation on Cultural Heritage 27 29 Prof. dr hab. Wojciech Kowalski – New rules on exporting historical objects abroad according to the Polish law 31 33 Liv Ramskjær – The 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. History, connected conventions and Norwegian ratification and practice 35 37 Olgierd Jakubowski – Illegal export of cultural heritage after the opening of borders in the Schengen Area 39 41 Jan Romsaas – Applications for export of cultural heritage objects – practice at the Norwegian Folk Museum 43 45 Håkon Ingvaldsen – Archaeological Artefacts and Illegal Trade: A Norwegian Museum Perspective 47 51 Rafał Koliński – War, crisis and illicit trade: the Iraqi lesson 53 55 Leif Pareli – Museums, Cultural Property and Illicit Trade in Times of War and Conflict 57 59 Marianne Gjertsen – Art and antique dealers. Ethics and trade in cultural property 61 63 Sidsel Helliesen – Cases of theft from the National Gallery’s exhibition halls in 1982, 1993 and 1994 65 67 Iwona Pomian – Protection of underwater cultural heritage in the Polish zone of the Baltic Sea 69 73 Wojciech Krupiński – The Illegal Export of Historical Objects According to the National Border Guard’s Assessment 75 77 Marcin Goch, Mirosław Karpowicz – Wybrane aspekty poszukiwań skradzionych zabytków z perspektywy polskiej policji 79 81 Anna Skaldawska – Selected Aspects of the Search for Stolen Historical Monuments from the Perspective of the Polish Police 83 83 Elżbieta Rogowska, Karina Chabowska – Catalogue of Wartime Losses Documented by the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage 87 87 Bjørgulf Andersen – Crime against Heritage in Europe – the Role and Tasks of the Customs Service 89 89 Bartosz Skaldawski – Cooperation between services combating crimes against cultural heritage and institutions specialising in monument protection 91 95 Piotr Ogrodzki – Protection project against crime and fire for historical wooden churches 99 99 Paulina Florjanowicz – Implementing the Educational Strategy of the National Heritage Board of Poland within the Scope of Combating Crime against Archaeological Heritage 103 103 Marcin Sabaciński – Cooperation between the national heritage board of poland and the Allegro auction website in the campaign against the illegal trade of archaeological artifacts 107 107 Brian Kristian Wennberg – Combating cultural heritage crime within the Norwegian police: education and higher competence 111 111 Josephine M. Rasmussen, prof. Christopher Prescott – Implementation, complications and lack of education: Some reflections on the advantages of knowledge exchange 117 115 Rolf Forsdahl – How can the tourism industry contribute to the protection of cultural heritage? 121 121 Tone Simensen Karlgård, Marieanne Davy Ball – Typical souvenirs, originals or copies, how do we know? 127 125 Marcin Sabaciński – Crimes against archaeological heritage in the context of how archaeology is perceived by society 131 129 Małgorzata Hudyma – Building awareness of the need for cultural heritage protection 135 133 Axel Mykleby – Methods of public communication 139 137 Aleksandra Chabiera – Promotion and education. Some cases of practices around the world 143 143 Riikka Alvik i Maija Matikka – The Wreck of the Vrouw Maria – problems and good practice in the protection of underwater sites 149 147 Conclusions 153 Introduction The idea of a joint Polish-Norwegian project on legal The primary aim of the project was to create and illicit trade with cultural heritage was first brought a forum of exchange of experience between Polish up during an expert meeting of the Monitoring Group and Norwegian professionals involved in the fight on Cultural Heritage in the Baltic Sea States in early against the illicit trade of cultural objects. The 2008. By then, the question of crime against heritage experts who took part, represented a wide range had become an important issue to all countries of stakeholders: heritage professionals, museum involved in the Baltic network. Through the Cultural workers, field archaeologists, NGO members, Exchange Fund, the national heritage agencies of journalists, tour operators as well as representatives Poland and Norway – the National Heritage Board of the Police, Customs, the Border Guard and the of Poland (Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa, formerly Army. During three consecutive workshops – two Krajowy Ośrodek Badań i Dokumentacji Zabytków) in Oslo and one in Gdansk and the final conference and Arts Council Norway (Norsk Kulturråd, formerly in Warsaw - we shared knowledge and experience ABM-utvikling) along with the Norwegian Directorate on how to face this challenge and how to implement for Cultural Heritage (Riksantikvaren) and with existing national laws and international conventions. ththee susupportpport of tthehe MMaritimearitim Museum in Gdansk (C(Centralneentralne Muzeum Morskie) - decided to investigate ththisis totopicpic further. The intention was to analanalyzeyze the ssituationituation aandnd ddeviseevise rrecommendationsecommendations which could be distributed throuthroughoutghout the whole Baltic SSeaea ReRegion.gion. 6 Although we face very different challenges on In this publication we present the results of our work. a national level, we recognise that illicit trade of We have tackled the issue of the illicit trade of cultural cultural goods is a type of crime which transcends heritage from different angles and with examples from national boundaries. We also recognise that it is Poland and Norway. We hope this publication will a type of crime which can only be counteracted prove a useful of reference tool for the many issues through international collaboration – the exchange raised during the project. of knowledge, the exchange of experience and To conclude, as the project team, we would like to a common set of rules. The wide and inclusive thank all those who contributed to this work with approach of the project resulted in the extension their knowledge and experience. We would also like of cooperation between involved institutions, and to thank the governments of Norway and Poland showed areas which would benefit from change or which made the realization of this important project improvement. possible. Paulina Florjanowicz Anne Aasheim Jørn Holme Jerzy Litwin Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa Norsk Kulturråd Riksantikvaren Centralne Muzeum Morskie 7 Overview Legal and illicit trade in cultural heritage Sidsel Bleken Counsellor at the Norwegian Embassy, responsible for the EEA, Norway grants, Cultural Exchange Fund he objective of the EEA and Nor- T way grants is to reduce social and economic disparities in Europe. The objec- tive is also to strengthen the bilateral rela- tionship between Poland and Norway. The protection of cultural heritage has been, and will continue to be, an important priority for the EEA and Nor- way grants. I am pleased that money is not only allocated to the revitalisation of monuments, but also to enforce the knowledge and awareness of the need for preventing illicit trade in cultural ob- jects. The Cultural Exchange Fund has been an important tool for increasing cultural cooperation and establishing long-term relationships between cultural People travel more and more, and in- objects that are traded on this black market institutions in Poland and Norway. I am creasingly to distant and exotic places. The are difficult to trace and to bring back. pleased that more than