GLOSSARY Aggadah. Rabbinic teaching which amplifies biblical narrative, history and ethics; found throughout Talmud; includes parables, allegories, theology Aliyah. Lit. "going up." (I) calling up a member of the congregation to read from the Torah; (II) term used to describe immigration of Jews to Israel Annunciation. The Christian celebration of the announcement of the incarna- tion (Luke 1:28-35) Anti-Semitism. Hatred of the Jewish people; term coined in 1879 to designate anti-Jewish campaigns in Europe; became a general term to denote all forms of hostility toward Jews through the centuries Apocrypha. Seven books included in the Roman Catholic Bible that constitute a separate section of the Protestant Bible Apostle. Member of authoritative New Testament group sent out to preach the gospel; especially refers to Jesus' twelve original disciples Ark. (Hebrew: awn kodesh); cabinet in the synagogue containing the Torah scrolls Ascension. Christian reference to Jesus' ascension into heaven Ashkenazim. One of two main divisions of Jewry in the Diaspora; originally referred to German Jewry, later came to designate Jews of France, Poland, Russia, and Scandinavia. Most American Jews are Ashkenazim Assumption. In Christianity, the taking up of a person to heaven; refers esp. to Mary Bar mitzvah. "Son of the Commandment"; special synagogue service at which Jewish boys (age 13) mark attainment of legal and religious maturity by reading from Torah and Haftorah Bat mitzvah. "Daughter of the Commandment"; ceremony for girls (age 12) corresponding to boys' bar mitzvah Bimah. "Elevated place"; platform in synagogue where Torah is read Breviary. A book containing the prayers, hymns, psalms, and readings for the Roman Catholic Church Brit milah. Also bris; circumcision of Jewish male child when he is eight days old; a sign of the covenant between God and the Jewish people (Gen. 17:11) Chosen people. The belief that the Jews are the chosen people of God based on the covenant between God and Abraham (Gen. 15) which was renewed at Mount Sinai Glossary • 99 Christ. Lit. "anointed." Refers to Christian belief in Jesus of Nazareth as the Messiah and ideal of humanity Church Fathers. Teachers and writers of the early Christian church, from the period following the New Testament writers until the seventh century Covenant. Binding agreement between persons, nations, or parties. In the Hebrew Bible, God makes covenants with Noah, Abraham, the children of Israel, the house of Aaron, and with David Creed. Authoritative statement of religious belief Crucifixion. Execution by fastening the condemned to a wooden cross, binding or nailing the hands and feet, resulting in death by suffocation; it was common among Greeks and Romans but unknown in Jewish law. Day of Judgment. The occasion of the last judgment by God at the end of the world, when God will decide the final fate of all individuals Day of the Lord. The time when God will punish the wicked and justice will triumph Diaspora. The dispersion and settlement of the Jews outside Palestine after the Babylonian captivity (sixth century BCE); present dispersion of Jews outside Israel Dogma. A religious doctrine or system of doctrines proclaimed as true by the religious authority Easter. Christian festival celebrating the resurrection of Jesus Eucharist. Also communion. Roman Catholic sacrament renewing Jesus Christ's sacrifice of his body and blood. Golgotha. Place outside Jerusalem where Jesus was crucified (Matt. 27:33) Gospel. Lit. "good news"; there are four gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) which describe the life and ministry of Jesus Haftorah. In Judaism, a selection of the Prophets read after the Torah portion Hail Mary. A Roman Catholic salutation to Mary used now in the Roman Catholic Church with a prayer to her as mother of God Halakhah. Lit. "walking"; the postbiblical body of law comprising the rules and ordinances of Jewish religious and civil practice Hanukkah. Lit. "dedication"; eight-day festival of lights, commemorates victory of Maccabees over Syrians and rededication of Temple Havdalah. Ceremony on Saturday evening marking the end of the Jewish Sabbath Hillel. Prominent first-century BCE Palestinian rabbi who summed up the entire Torah in the words: Do not do to your neighbor that which is hateful to you. Holocaust. See Shoah Holy Orders. The Catholic rite of ordination, the official investment of a person with ministerial authority Holy Spirit. Christian belief in the active presence of God in human life 100 • C/JEEP Curriculum Guide constituting the third person of the Trinity Huppah. The canopy used in a Jewish wedding ceremony Incarnation. The embodiment of a deity or spirit in some earthly form; in Christianity, the union of divinity with humanity in Jesus Christ Israel. Name used variously in Jewish history for the territory of the Jews and for the Jewish people Jerusalem. Capital of Israel; also known as City of David and the Holy City Jesus. Palestinian rabbi in the first century; believed by Christians to be God incarnate Jew. Member of the Jewish community; traditionally Jewish identity is depen- dent on maternal descent or conversion to Judaism Jewish Christians. Term applied by Christians to Jews who have converted to Christianity but continue to practice some rituals of Judaism John the Baptist. Palestinian religious leader, forerunner of Jesus; preached repentance, proclaimed coming of messianic age, practiced baptism Kaddish. Jewish mourner's prayer; consists of praise and glorification of God and expressions of hope for establishment of God's kingdom on earth Kashrut. The body of Jewish dietary laws Kiddush. Lit. "sanctification"; prayer recited over a cup of wine to consecrate the Sabbath or a festival Lectionary. A Roman Catholic book of liturgical lessons for particular days Liturgy of Hours. Roman Catholic rites prescribed for public worship Maariv. Jewish service of evening prayer Mass. A sequence of prayers and rituals forming the eucharistic office Menorah. Jewish candelabrum; a golden seven-branched menorah stood in the Temple in Jerusalem; also refers to the eight-branched Hanukkah lamp Messiah. Anointed one; in Judaism, refers to the expected king and deliverer of the Jews; in Christianity, refers to Jesus Midrash. In Judaism, interpretation of biblical texts Minchah. Jewish service of afternoon prayer Mishnah. Early rabbinic legal code Mission. Sending out of persons to bring about the spread of religion Mitzvah. Lit. "commandment"; according to Jewish tradition, there are 613 commandments in the Hebrew Bible; also refers to the doing of a good deed Nativity. In Christianity, refers to the birth of Jesus Noahide laws. Series of laws derived from Genesis 9.4-7 which according to traditional Judaism are binding on all human beings; they prohibit idolatry, blasphemy, murder, adultery, robbery, and the eating of flesh cut from a live animal; they also require the establishment of courts of justice Original sin. Christian doctrine that all human beings live in a state of sin Glossary • 101 because of Adam's transgression; according to this view, humanity can only be redeemed by the atoning death of Jesus; Judaism, in contrast, maintains that human beings are not born in a state of sin but that each person is motivated by innate good and evil inclinations Paschal mystery. The mystery of the sacrificial death of Jesus in Christianity Pharisees. One of the three main sects of Judaism before the destruction of the Jewish state in 70 CE; skillful interpreters of the Torah; their teach- ings formed the basis of Rabbinic Judaism Presentation. In Roman Catholicism, refers to the presentation of Mary in the Temple Rabbi. Teacher; pastoral, social, educational and spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation in modern Judaism Resurrection. In Judaism and Christianity, the rising again to life of all human dead before the final judgment; in Christianity, the rising of Jesus from the dead Rosary. String of beads used by Roman Catholics for counting prayers Sacrament. In Christianity, a formal religious act that is sacred as a sign or symbol of a spiritual reality, especially one instituted or recognized by Jesus Seder. Lit. "order"; the ceremonial meal that takes place in Jewish homes during Passover Shacharit. Jewish service of morning prayer Shalom. Hebrew word meaning well-being, security, good health, prosperity, friendship, peace of mind and heart; used in greetings and farewells Shekhinah. Divine presence, according to Judaism; refers to God's dwelling in the midst of the Jewish people Shiva. Lit "seven"; Jewish seven-day period of mourning that follows the death of a relative Shoah. Lit. "destruction; devastation"; Hebrew word refers to the Nazi effort to systematically destroy the Jews of Europe; also Holocaust Siddur. Term used by Ashkenazi Jews for the daily prayer book Sukkah. Lit. "tabernacle"; booth erected during the Jewish festival of Sukkot Talmud. Lit. "study"; name given to the collection of discussions of Jewish law by scholars from third to sixth centuries; contains Mishnah (commentary) and Gemara (supplement to Mishnah) Teshuvah. Hebrew word for repentance; renunciation of sin, appeal for forgiveness, and return to righteous living Torah. In Judaism, narrowly refers to first five books of Hebrew Bible; in broadest sense refers to all teachings and commentary on the Hebrew Bible, as in the Talmud Trinity. In Christianity, the unity of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit as three persons in one Godhead 102 • C/JEEP Curriculum Guide Transgression. In Judaism, the violation of a commandment; sin, which is rectified by Teshuvah Tzedakah. Jewish charity and philanthropy Visitation. Refers to the New Testament visit of Mary to Elisabeth before the birth of Elisabeth's child, John the Baptist Zion. In Judaism, the name used in poetic and prophetic language to refer to Jerusalem as a whole Zionism. International political, religious, and ideological movement devoted to securing the return of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel EVALUATIONS Evaluations throughout the course of the academic year are an effective means, not merely to monitor the implementation of a program, but also and especially to help ensure and improve its quality.