Words and Varieties Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne ᆁ 269 ᆁ Håkan Rydving Words and Varieties Lexical Variation in Saami Société Finno-Ougrienne Helsinki 2013 Håkan Rydving: Words and Varieties. Lexical Variation in Saami Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 269 Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne Copyright © 2013 Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura — Société Finno-Ougrienne — Finno-Ugrian Society & the author ISBN 978-952-5667-49-3 (print) MÉMOIRES DE LA SOCIÉTÉ FINNO-OUGRIENNE ISBN 978-952-56-67-50-9 (online) SUOMALAIS-UGRILAISEN SEURAN TOIMITUKSIA ISSN 0355-0230 Editor-in-chief Riho Grünthal (Helsinki) Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy Editorial board Sastamala 2013 Marianne Bakró-Nagy (Szeged), Márta Csepregi (Budapest), Ulla-Maija Forsberg (Helsinki), Kaisa Häkkinen (Turku), Orders — Tilaukset Gerson Klumpp (Tartu), Johanna Laakso (Wien), Tiedekirja Lars-Gunnar Larsson (Uppsala), Kirkkokatu 14 Matti Miestamo (Stockholm), FI-00170 Helsinki Sirkka Saarinen (Turku), www.tiedekirja.fi Elena Skribnik (München), Trond Trosterud (Tromsø), [email protected] Berhard Wälchli (Stockholm), FAX +358 9 635 017 Jussi Ylikoski (Kautokeino) In memory of my mother and father, Maja & Tore Rydving, both teachers Contents List of figures, maps, tables, and dialect overviews ............................................... 9 Note on orthographies, place names, and quotations ........................................... 15 Preface .................................................................................................................. 17 1. Lexical Variation in Saami? ............................................................................. 19 1.1. Communication, lexicon, and linguistic variation .................................. 19 1.2. The Saami language today ...................................................................... 21 2. The History of Research into Saami Dialect Differentiation ........................... 27 2.1. Beginnings (the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries) ...................................... 28 2.2. Foundations (1880s – c. 1980) ............................................................... 38 2.2.1. Parts of the language area ............................................................. 38 2.2.2. The language area as a whole ........................................................ 48 2.3. Revisions and clarifications (since c. 1980) ........................................... 61 2.3.1. Parts of the language area ............................................................. 62 2.3.2. The language area as a whole ........................................................ 68 2.4. Concluding remarks ................................................................................ 80 3. The Scope of the Present Study ........................................................................ 83 4. Problems of Terminology ................................................................................ 85 5. Material ............................................................................................................ 93 5.1. The ALE material ................................................................................... 94 5.1.1. Network of localities ..................................................................... 94 5.1.2. Questionnaire ................................................................................ 97 5.1.3. Collecting and editing ................................................................... 98 5.1.4. Limitations of the material .......................................................... 101 5.2. The ALE material used in the present study ......................................... 102 5.3. Representativity and source criticism ................................................... 102 6. Words Exemplified ........................................................................................ 109 6.1. Word geography as approach ............................................................... 109 6.2. Verbs of communication (‘talk’, ‘say’, ‘tell’, ‘ask’, ‘beg’) .................. 110 6.3. ‘Thunder’, ‘lightning’, and ‘rainbow’ .................................................. 117 6.4. The days of the week ............................................................................ 122 6.5. Concluding remarks .............................................................................. 130 8 WORDS AND VARIETIES 7. Dialect Relations ............................................................................................ 131 7.1. Dialectometry as practice ..................................................................... 132 7.2. Gåebri ................................................................................................... 139 7.3. Suorssá .................................................................................................. 141 7.4. Girjes / Girjjis ....................................................................................... 145 7.5. Gárasavvon ........................................................................................... 151 7.6. Guovdageaidnu ..................................................................................... 154 7.7. Návuotna ............................................................................................... 157 7.8. Aanaar ................................................................................................... 161 7.9. A´kkel ................................................................................................... 166 7.10. Luujaavv’r ........................................................................................... 169 7.11. Comparing the nine points of inquiry ................................................. 173 7.12. Concluding remarks ............................................................................ 182 8. Conclusions .................................................................................................... 183 Epilogue ............................................................................................................. 187 Sánit ja suopmanat (Čoahkkáigeassu davvisámegillii / North Saami summary) .............................. 189 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... 191 References .......................................................................................................... 195 List of place names ............................................................................................. 213 List of figures, maps, tables, and dialect overviews Figures Fig. 2.1 Hasselbrink’s division of South Saami into three dialects com- pared with four ealier proposals to divide South Saami into two dialects with sub-dialects ...................................................................... 63 Fig. 4.1 The terminology used for language varieties on six levels, exemplified with Guovdageaidnu Saami .............................................. 89 Fig. 5.1 The dialectal distribution of the SaaALE I localities according to the editorial staff of Atlas Linguarum Europae .................................... 96 Fig. 5.2 The filled in SaaALE I form for q. 533, ‘Monday’. ........................... 100 Fig. 5.3 The numeric structure of the SaaALE I corpus in comparison with three other corpora ...................................................................... 106 Fig. 7.1 The relative equality values of the five SaaALE I localities most in agreement with Gåebrie (l. 35) ....................................................... 140 Fig. 7.2 The relative equality values of the five SaaALE I localities most in agreement with Suorssá (l. 48) ....................................................... 145 Fig. 7.3 The relative equality values of the five SaaALE I localities most in agreement with Girjes / Girjjis (l. 43) ............................................. 151 Fig. 7.4 The relative equality values of the ten SaaALE I localities most in agreement with Gárasavvon (l. 42) ..................................................... 154 Fig. 7.5 Two examples of how Guovdageaidnu Saami has been classified .... 155 Fig. 7.6 The relative equality values of the five SaaALE I localities most in agreement with Guovdageaidnu (l. 28) .......................................... 158 Fig. 7.7 The relative equality values of the five SaaALE I localities most in agreement with Návuotna (l. 27) .................................................... 160 Fig. 7.8 The relative equality values of the five SaaALE I localities most in agreement with Aanaar (l. 04) ........................................................ 165 Fig. 7.9 The relative equality values of the five SaaALE I localities most in agreement with A´kkel (l. 85) ......................................................... 169 Fig. 7.10 The relative equality values of the five SaaALE I localities most in agreement with Luujaavv’r (l. 82) .................................................. 172 10 WORDS AND VARIETIES Fig. 7.11 A comparison of the span of the relative equality values of the nine points of inquiry .......................................................................... 173 Maps Map 1.1 The main dialects of Saami (preliminary reference map) ..................... 20 Map 2.1 The approximate areas covered by the Saami dictionaries and grammars published before 1880 .......................................................... 37 Map 2.2 Ruong’s dialect map of Pite (Arjeplog) Saami