Net Working/Networking: Citizen Initiated Internet Politics TAPIO HÄYHTIÖ & JARMO RINNE (EDS.) Net Working/Networking: Citizen Initiated Internet Politics ISBN 978-951-44-7632-7(pdf) Copyright ©2008 Tampere University Press and the writers Sales BookShop TAJU Street address: Kalevantie 5 P.O. Box 617 33014 University of Tampere tel. (03) 3551 6055 fax (03) 3551 7685 taju@uta.fi www.uta.fi /taju http://granum.uta.fi Typography & Layout Maaret Kihlakaski Cover Mikko Reinikka ISBN 978-951-44-7464-4 Tampereen Yliopistopaino Oy – Juvenes Print Tampere 2008 Contents About the contributors .............................................................................7 Tapio Häyhtiö & Jarmo Rinne Introduction: Seeking the citizenry on the Internet – Emerging virtual creativity ................................................................ 11 Part I Democratic e-innovations and citizen-oriented empowerment through the Internet Lorenzo Mosca A double-faced medium? The challenges and opportunities of the Internet for social movements .......................................................41 Kevin Gillan Diverging attitudes to technology and innovation in Anti-War movement organisations .............................74 Ariadne Vromen Political change and the internet in Australia: introducing GetUp ........103 Francesco Molinari (e-)Participation: a complement to good legislation? .............................127 Pauliina Lehtonen Civic expression on the Net: Different faces of public engagement ......163 Lauri Paltemaa These bytes can bite – Chinese politics of technology and the controlled Internet ...................................................................189 Davide Calenda & Albert Meijer Digital encounters and ‘easy’ politics – Results of a web survey among young people in three European countries ..................................................................205 Part II New styles of actionist politics on the Internet Pertti Lappalainen The Internet as a forum for multiple styles of political activities ...........227 Tim Jordan The politics of technology: Three types of hacktivism .......................... 254 Sigrid Baringhorst The political empowerment of citizen consumers – opportunities and problems of anti-corporate campaigning on the net .......................281 Tapio Häyhtiö & Jarmo Rinne Temporal dimensions of refl exive Net-politics: Politicking on the Internet with monsters ............................................310 Kari A. Hintikka Pirates in politics – Internet piracy as individualised politics .................335 Tiina Rättilä “Here’s your fucking use of power!” Notes on how bloggers communicate politically ...................................355 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS Sigrid Baringhorst holds the Chair in Political Science at the University of Siegen, Germany. She works on political communication studies, par- ticularly political campaigning and media politics, as well on policies of integration and migration. She is author of Fremde in der Stadt (1991) and Politik als Kampagne (1998) and co-editor of Web Campaigning (2008), Politik mit dem Einkaufswagen (2007), Politische Steuerung von Integration (2006), Herausforderung Migration (2006) as well as author of numerous articles and chapters. Davide Calenda is a research fellow at the Department of Political Sci- ence and Sociology in the University of Florence. He has published in Italian and international academic journals. His most recent publications include Young People use the Internet for both traditional and ‘new’ politics, in Information, Communication & Society with A. Meijer (2008); Youth online: Researching the political use of the Internet in the Italian context, in B. Loader (ed.) with L. Mosca (2007), Young Citizens in the Digital Age: Political Engagement, Young People and New Media, London, Routledge. Kevin Gillan is Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Manchester School of Social Sciences. His research interests include theories of social movements, focusing particularly on the formation and communication of political ideas and strategies for social change. He is especially interested in a number of substantive areas of contention, including globalisation, corporations, information technologies and war. He has recently published Anti-War Activism: New Media and Protest in the Information Age with Jenny Pickerill and Frank Webster Kari A. Hintikka is a PhD-student at the University of Jyväskylä in the unit of Sociology. He is also senior forecaster, designer and analyst of www concept and usability (www.kah.fi ). His academic interests are related to the netcrowd, how ordinary people effi ciently self-organise themselves with networked devices (citizen initiated bottom-up organising), the wisdom of crowds, and crowdsourcing. He has written nineteen books, guides 7 and reports and numerous articles about networks, information society and Internet, includingadaptation of innovations, collective intelligence, participatory economy and Web 2.0.” Tapio Häyhtiö is a PhD-student at the Department of Political Science and International Relations in University of Tampere. He is a coordina- tor of Finnish Graduate School in Political Studies. He has published in Finnish and international academic journals, anthologies, proceedings of international conferences and seminars. Most of the research papers are available http://www.edemokratia.uta.fi /. His research interests are related to political participation and action on Internet online fora and the relationship between democracy and online political action. He delivers interactive e-lectures on democracy theories, civic activism on the Internet and administrational e-democracy projects. Tim Jordan is a Reader in Sociology at the Open University. He is the author of Hacking: digital media and technological determinism, Activism!: direct action, hacktivism and the future of society and, with Paul Taylor, of Hacktivism and Cyberwars. He has publish ed work on social movements, hackers, Pokemon, the culture and politics of the Internet and social theory. He is a co-founder and until recently an editor of Social Movement Studies: journal of social, cultural and political protest. Pertti Lappalainen is a senior lecturer in the Master’s Program of Civil Society at the University of Jyväskylä. He has published several academic articles in peer-reviewed journals. He is the author of Art of Political Style: Changing Political Activity and Its Research where he develops the concept of style as an approach of political and civic activity. He has also published Power with the Net: the Internet and theProspects of Political Civic Activity. He is specialised in the political theory and in the concept of civic activity. Pauliina Lehtonen is a PhD-student at the Department of Journalism and Mass Communication in the University of Tampere. She studied the social and policy implications of information and communication technology focusing on the practices of web mediated participation and civic innovation. Her research interests concentrate on new media and citizenship, participation and urban planning and civic education. She 8 has worked in research projects that have considered themes such as web mediated civic action, social media and participatory journalism. She has acted as a sub editor in a leading Finnish journal on communication and media studies Tiedotustutkimus. Albert Meijer works as an associate professor at the Utrecht School of Governance and teaches public administration and organizational sci- ences. His research area is the impact of information technologies on the public sector in general and issues of accountability and transparency more specifi cally. He has published in journals such as Government Informa- tion Quarterly, The Information Society, Public Management Review and Information Polity Francesco Molinari is a PhD Scholar on Public Management at the Department of Business and Social Studies of Siena University. He has been a contract professor at Pisa University, designer of the e-Govern- ment module at the Political Science Faculty. Also he has been involved in the coordination of several IST-related projects like e.g. TELL-ME (eTEN-2006/1/046319), LEXIPATION (eParticipation-2006/1/017), NOPIK (FP5/IST-2001-33487), e.Bip (FP5/IST-1999-10710), FUCO- LAMP (CRAF-1999-71944), WEARIT@WORK (FP6/IST-004216-2004), ECOLEAD (FP6/IST-506958-2004), and others at national and regional level. His current research interests include quality management in local Government, community evaluation of public services and the impact analysis of collaborative technologies into social and institutional set- tings. Lauri Paltemaa is a Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for East Asian Studies, University of Turku, Finland. His research focuses on contempo- rary Chinese politics, especially the regime transition and the themes of the politics of protest, technology and governance. He has published on these topics on the Journal of Contemporay China (2007), Issues & Stud- ies (2006) and China Information (2005) as well as in Finnish in Kiinan yhteiskunta muutoksessa [Changing Chinese Society, 2005]. Jarmo Rinne is a PhD-student in political science at the Department of Po- litical Science and International Relations in University of Tampere. He has 9 published a number of articles in Finnish and international academic jour- nals, anthologies and proceedings of various international conferences and seminars. Most of the research papers are available http://www.edemokratia. uta.fi /. His academic interests