Table of Contents Slide/s Part Description 1N/ATitle Monument 2 N/A Table of Contents 3~37 1 Manifest Destiny 38~63 2 The Spirit of St. Louis To A 64~134 3 On the Riverfront 135~229 4 The Competition 230~293 5 Wunderkind Dream 294~391 6 Post-Competition Blues 392~478 7 Two Weaknesses 479~536 8 Topsy-Turvy 537~582 9 Peripheral Development 583~600 10 Legacy 1 2 Part 1 Corps of Discovery Manifest Destiny 3 4 Thomas Jefferson had a long interest in western expansion and in 1780s met John Ledyard who discussed with him an expedition to the Pacific Northwest. Two years into his presidency, Jefferson asked Congress to fund an expedition through the Louisiana Purchase and beyond; to the Pacific Ocean. The expedition’s goals were: • Explore the Louisiana Purchase; • Establish trade and U.S. sovereignty over the native peoples along the Missouri River; “To find the most direct & • Establish a U.S. claim of “Discovery” to the Pacific Northwest and practicable water communication Oregon Territory by documenting an American presence there before across this continent, for the Europeans could claim the land; purposes of commerce.” • Seek out a “Northwest Passage” Thomas Jefferson,POTUS Jefferson also understood the U.S. would have a better claim of RE: the Lewis and Clark Expedition, ownership to the Pacific Northwest if the expedition gathered scientific a.k.a. the Corps of Discovery data on indigenous animals and plants. The U.S. mint prepared special Expedition (1804–1806). It was the first silver medals (with a portrait of Jefferson) which had a message of transcontinental expedition to the friendship and peace, called Indian Peace Medals or Peace Medals.The Pacific coast undertaken by the United Corps was entrusted to distribute them to the Indian nations they met States. Led by U.S. Army Captain Meriwether Lewis and William Clark,it who did not know/understand that these coins symbolized U.S. was commissioned in 1803 by sovereignty over them. The expedition carried advanced weapons (to President Thomas Jefferson 5 display their firepower) including a powerful 0.44 caliber air rifle. 6 1 Vilest Miscreants of the Savage Race Meriwether Lewis (left) and William Clark (right). Lewis was the leader of the expedition selecting Clark as his partner. 7 8 “All earlier Missouri River travelers had warned of this powerful and aggressive tribe, determined to block free trade on the river...The Sioux were also expecting a retaliatory raid from the Omaha Indians, to the south. A recent Sioux raid had killed 75 Omaha men, burned 40 lodges, and taken four dozen prisoners.” Harry W. Fritz,Historian “...in an imence Plain a high Hill is Situated, and appears of a RE: the route of the Lewis and Clark expedition; up the Missouri River to its Conic form and by the different nations of Indians in this headwaters,thenontothePacific Ocean via the Columbia River was influenced quarter is Suppose to be the residence of Deavels. that they by the transcontinental journey of Moncacht-Ape by the same route about a century before. Jefferson had a copy of a book supposedly detailing Moncacht- are in human form with remarkable large heads and about 18 Apé’s itinerary in his library (Meriwether Lewis carried a copy of the book with him Inches high, that they are Very watchful, and are arm’d with diduring the expedition ). The bkbook was probblbably the source of LiLewisand Clar k’s Sharp arrows with which they Can Kill at a great distance; mistaken belief that they could easily carry boats from the Missouri’s headwaters to the westward-flowing Columbia since the book neglects to mention the need to they are Said to Kill all persons who are so hardy as to cross the Rocky Mountains. They left on May 14th 1804, following the Missouri attempt to approach the hill...” River westward. Soon they passed La Charrette, the last American settlement on William Clark, August 24th 1804 the Missouri River. The Lewis and Clark Expedition established friendly relations with two dozen indigenous nations without whose help the expedition would have starved to death or become hopelessly lost in the Rocky Mountains. The Americans and the Lakota nation (whom the Americans called Sioux, short for “Teton-wan Sioux”) had problems when they met coming close to fighting several times before both sides backed down. Clark wrote that they were “warlike” and 9 were the “vilest miscreants of the savage race.” 10 “...we gave them (the Sioux) some of our provisions to eat…I went in a perogue with those Chief who left the boast with great reluctians...as Soon as I landed 3 of their young men Seased the Cable of the Perogue, one Soldiar Huged the mast…and the 2d Chief was exceedingly insolent both in words and justures to me declareing I Should no go off, Saying he had not recived presents Suffient from us - I attempted to passify him but it had a contrary effect for his insults became so personal and his intentions evident to do me injurey, I Drew my Sword and ordered all hands under arms at this motion Capt. Louis ordered all in the boat under arms, the fiew men that was with me haveing previously taken up their guns with a full deturmination to defend me if possible…the Soldier got out of the perogue and the 2nd Chief walked off to the Party at about 20 yards back, all of which had their bows Strung & guns Cocked - I then Spoke in verry positive terms to them all, but principaly addressing “I Set out at 4 o’clock P.M. in the presence of many of the myself to the 1st Chief (Black Buffalo), who let the roape go and walked to Neighbouring inhabitents, and proceeded on under a jentle the Indian, party about, 100” William Clark, September 25th 1804 brease up the Missourie...” William Clark, May 14th 1804 11 12 2 “...Serj.’ Floyd Died with a great deel of Composure... he was buried with the Honors of War much lamented; a Seeder post with the Name Sergt. C. Floyd died here 20th of August 1804 was fixed at the head of his grave - This Man at all times gave us proofs of his firmness and Deturmined resolution to doe A Young Man of Much Merit Service to his Countrey and honor to himself....” William Clark, August 20th 1804 RE: Sergeant Charles Floyd of Kentucky died on August 20th 1804, near present-day Sioux City, Iowa from what is now believed to have been a ruptured appendix. He was the only member of the Corps of Discovery whodiedonthejourney.Meriwether Lewis regarded him as “a young man of much merit.” 13 14 “...I beheld the Rocky Mountains for the first time...these “This evening we entered much the most remarkable cliffs points of the Rocky Mountains were covered with snow and that we have yet seen. these cliffs rise from the waters edge thesunshoneonitinsuchmannerastogivemethemost on either side perpendicularly to the height of about 1200 plain and satisfactory view. While I viewed these mountains I feet. Every object here wears a dark and gloomy aspect. The felt a secret pleasure in finding myself so near the head of the towering and projecting rocks in many places seem ready to heretofore conceived boundless Missouri; but when I tumble on us. The river appears to have forced it’s way reflected on the difficulties which this snowey barrier would through this immence body of solid rock…it happens most probably throw in my way to the Pacific, and the fortunately that altho’ the current is strong it is not so much sufferings and hardships of myself and party in them, it in so but what it may be overcome with the oars for there is some measure counterbalanced the joy I had felt in the first here no possibility of using either the cord or setting pole... moments in which I gazed on them...” from the singular appearance of this place I called it the gates of the rocky mountains.” Meriwether Lewis, May 26th 1805 Meriwether Lewis,July19th 1805 15 16 “The Cho-pun-nish or Pierced nose Indians are Stout likeley men, handsom women, and verry dressey in their way, the dress of the men are a white Buffalow robe or Elk Skin dressed with Beeds which are generally white, Sea Shells- the Mother of Pirl hung to ther hair & on a pice of otter Skin about their necks hair Cewed in two parsels hanggging forward over their Sholders, feathers, and different Coloured Paints which they find in their Countrey Generally white, Green & light Blue. Some fiew wore a Shirt of Dressed Skins and long legins, & Mockersons Painted which appears to be their winters dress, with a plat of twisted grass about their necks.” William Clark, October 10th 1805 The Corps of Discovery meet Chinnoks on the Lower Columbia, October 1805 by Charles Marion Russel (ca. 1905) 17 18 3 “Great joy in camp we are in View of the Ocian...this great “...towards evening we met Several Indians in a canoe who Pacific Ocean which we been so long anxious to See. and the were going up the River. they Signed to us that in two Sleeps roreing or noise made by the waves brakeing on the rockey we Should See the Ocean...” Shores (as I Suppose) may be heard distinctly...” rd 19 20 Joseph Whitehouse, November 3 1805 William Clark, November 7th 1805 “About five o’clock this evening one of the wives of Charbono (Sacagawea) was delivered of a fine boy.