BODY AND SOUL: THE PRODUCTION AND RECEPTION OF MEDICAL TRANSLATIONS FROM ARABIC IN THE LONG TWELFTH CENTURY A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Notre Dame in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Brian Long John Van Engen, Director Graduate Program in Medieval Studies Notre Dame, Indiana December 2015 © Copyright by Brian Long 2015 All rights reserved BODY AND SOUL: THE PRODUCTION AND RECEPTION OF MEDICAL TRANSLATIONS FROM ARABIC IN THE LONG TWELFTH CENTURY Abstract by Brian Long In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, medicine in the Mediterranean was characterized by intellectual ferment and rapid change, characteristics quickened by substantial cross-cultural influences. In the Latin West, for example, translations produced in the long twelfth century (from the late eleventh to the early thirteenth centuries) marked a major shift in medicine’s development into a learned profession and also reshaped understandings of the human body. This dissertation explores both the cross-cultural circulation of medicine in the medieval Mediterranean and its place in Byzantium and the Latin West. First, it examines medicine in eleventh- and twelfth-century Byzantium, both because of its considerable vitality and because Byzantium’s broad influence and prestige make it an essential context for the Latin West. Rather than characterized by newly ascendant medical practitioners, as has been suggested, a divide appears to have existed between the enthusiasm for Brian Long medicine among learned readers and the humbler, often empirical world of Byzantine medical practitioners. Second, the translations of Constantine the African are examined, including both the contexts of their production and their connections to the other worlds of Mediterranean medicine. In particular, a detailed examination of Constantine’s Viaticum is undertaken, a translation of the - of n a - azza , with particular attention to its translation methods and terminology. The Viaticum reveals the comp exity of Constantine’s circumstances, where Constantine balanced his personal inclinations against the sensibilities and ideological aims of the monastery at Monte Cassino that financed his efforts. Further, the Viaticum’s te mino ogy is examined and systematically compared with both ancient and contemporary Arabic, Latin, and Greek sources and analogues. In contrast to earlier interpretations, the Latin character of this terminology appears particularly pronounced; this suggests influence from contemporary Salernitan medicine is present, but perhaps also some distance. Fina y, the eception of Constantine’s works is explored in William of St.-Thierry. Although often seen as highly conse vative, Wi iam’s work on the nature of the body reveals an effort to fuse medical and theological accounts of cognition, with suprising results. In sum, this dissertation reveals much about developments in Mediterranean medicine in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and its broad cultural impact. uxori carissimae ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. v Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: Byzantine Medicine between Intellectual Enthusiasm and Practice, 1000-1150 ....................................................................................................................................22 1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................22 1.2 Precursors of Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Byzantine Medicine ............25 1.3 Eleventh-Century Transitions: Michael Psellos and Symeon Seth ..............29 1.3.1 Michael Psellos ...............................................................................................32 1.3.2 Practical Medicine .........................................................................................44 1.3.3 Symeon Seth ....................................................................................................50 1.4 Twelfth-Century Repercussions ................................................................................55 1.4.1 The Timarion ...................................................................................................57 1.4.2 Michael Italikos ..............................................................................................60 1.4.3 The Pantokrator .............................................................................................62 1.5 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................68 Chapter 2: Constantine's Viaticum in its Cassinese Context ................................................72 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................72 2.2 Constantine and his Adaptations ..............................................................................78 2.2.1 Translation Shifts ..........................................................................................86 2.2.2 Theological Uncertainty in the Viaticum ..............................................97 2.2.3 Ambiguities in Constantine's Religious Identity ............................ 103 2.2.4 Sex .................................................................................................................... 111 2.3 Authorship and Authority ......................................................................................... 128 2.3.1 Authority and Plagiarism in Constantine's Prefaces .................... 130 2.3.2 The Implications of the Viaticum Preface ......................................... 143 2.3.3 The Politics of Memory at Monte Cassino ......................................... 145 2.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 158 2.4.1 Greek and Latin Communities ............................................................... 159 2.4.2 Politics of Memory at Monte Cassino ................................................. 160 2.4.3 Constantine Himself .................................................................................. 161 Chapter 3: The Viaticum and the Contexts of Practical Medicine ................................... 164 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 164 3.2 The History of Mediterranean Medical Terminology..................................... 170 iii 3.3 A Terminological Menagerie .................................................................................... 182 3.3.1 Greek All the Way Down .......................................................................... 183 3.3.2 Greco-Latin Replacements of Arabic Terms .................................... 188 3.3.3 Latin Adaptations of the Arabic ............................................................ 200 3.4 Conclusion: Gariopontus and Constantine ......................................................... 206 Chapter 4: Cistercians and Medicine in the Twelfth Century ........................................... 226 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 226 4.2 The Two Williams ........................................................................................................ 227 4.3 Cistercians and Medicine .......................................................................................... 236 4.3.1 Bernard of Clairvaux and Medicine ..................................................... 238 4.4 The Cistercian De anima Tradition ........................................................................ 248 4.5 William's De natura corporis et animae ............................................................... 257 4.6 Natural Knowledge in the Twelfth Century and the "Conflict Model" ..... 271 4.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 280 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 283 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................ 300 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Looking back, I have had the great good fortune to incur far too many personal and intellectual debts to enumerate; even though I cannot list them here, it has often been the many small kindnesses I received in the course of my work that have made these last years enjoyable. This project would have been impossible, however, without the substantial generosity of the scholars who shaped and guided me along the way. Warm thanks, first of all, to my advisor John Van Engen, who has encouraged this project all the way, even at its hesitant beginnings, and whose knack for subtle insights and probing questions have made this project—and me as a scholar— better in innumerable ways. Warmest thanks to Anthony Kaldellis, as well, who somehow manages to unite intellectual rigor and unstinting generosity, and who made the Byzantine dimension