http://www.paper.edu.cn Materials Research Bulletin 40 (2005) 405–410 www.elsevier.com/locate/matresbu Synthesis and conductivity of solid high-proton conductor H5GeW10MoVO40Á21H2O Qingyin Wu*, Xiaoguang Sang Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China Received 13 October 2003; received in revised form 8 March 2004; accepted 6 June 2004 Abstract A new solid high-proton conductor decatungstomolybdovanadogermanic heteropoly acid (HPA) H5GeW10- MoVO40Á21H2O has been synthesized for the first time by stepwise acidification and stepwise addition of solutions of the component elements. The product was characterized by chemical analysis, potentiometric titration, IR, UV, XRD and TG-DTA. The IR, UV and XRD indicate that H5GeW10MoVO40Á21H2O possesses the Keggin structure. The TG-DTA curve shows the sequence of water loss in the acid, the amount of the loss, as well as the thermostability. The results of AC impedance measurement show that its proton conductivity is 3.58 Â 10À4 ScmÀ1 at 18 8C and the activation energy for proton conduction is 31.82 kJ/mol. # 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: A. Inorganic compounds; B. Chemical synthesis; C. Infrared spectroscopy; D. Ionic conductivity 1. Introduction Heteropoly acids (HPAs), are a fascinating class of inorganic metal-oxygen cluster compounds [1]. Their chemistry, dictated by remarkable structural and electronic properties, is the subject of an intense interdisciplinary research activity in some major scientific areas, namely catalysis (e.g., photochemical dehydrogenations of organic substrates), materials science (e.g., secondary batteries and charge-transfer materials) and medicine (e.g., anti-viral and anti-tumor drugs) [2–8]. An aspect of the research in materials science has been the conductivity of HPAs because HPAs and its salts have good electric * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 571 8795 3258; fax: +86 571 8795 1895. E-mail address: [email protected] (Q. Wu). 0025-5408/$ – see front matter # 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2004.06.020 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn 406 Q. Wu, X. Sang / Materials Research Bulletin 40 (2005) 405–410 conductivity either in solution or in the solid state [9]. Solid HPAs have also been shown to be good proton conductors. In recent years, a number of solid high-proton conductor HPAs have been reported, which show that this field continues to have a prominent place at the forefront of HPAs chemistry. For example, the conductivity of binary 12-tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid was reported [10,11] and the conductivity of a series of trinary heteropoly acids vanadotungstogermanic acid [12], molybdovanadophosphoric acid [13], undecatungstochromoferrous acid [14], and tungstovanadophosphoric acid [15] were also reported. To investigate the effect of component elements in HPA on conductivity, we report the synthesis of tetranary decatungstomolybdovanadogermanic heteropoly acid H5GeW10MoVO40Á21H2O by the step- wise acidification and stepwise addition of solutions of the component elements. We also report the results on the conductivity. 2. Experimental 2.1. Instrument and reagents IR spectrum was recorded on a P-E 1730 FT/IR spectrometer in the range 400–4000 cmÀ1 using KBr pellets. UV spectrum was measured on a Hitachi U-3400 UV spectrophotometer in the range 190– 400 nm. X-ray powder diffraction analysis was obtained on a D/Max-III A, X-ray diffractometer using a Cu tube operated at 40 kV and 30 mA in the range of 2u =5–408 at a rate of 0.58 minÀ1. TG-DTA was carried out on a TAS-100 thermal analyzer with a rate of temperature increase of 10 8C minÀ1. Impedance measurements were performed on M378 electrochemical impedance analyzer with copper electrodes over the frequency range from 0.01 Hz to 99.9 kHz. A Mettler DL-21titrimeter and an 8410 ICP spectrometer were also used. The purity of Cu is more than 99.8%. All other reagents are analysis grade. 2.2. Preparation of HPA Germanium dioxide (0.8 g) was dissolved in 20 ml of 5% sodium hydrate solution with stirring. An aqueous solution (20 ml) of sodium vanadate (1.2 g) was dropped into the above solution. After heating and boiling for 30 min with vigorous stirring, sodium molybdate (1.8 g) was added to reaction solution, pH was adjusted to 5.0 with sulfuric acid. After 70 min boiling an aqueous solution (100 ml) of sodium tungstate (25 g) was added, pH was adjusted to 1.5 and the stirred solution was continuously boiled for 5 h. The cooled solution was extracted with ether in a sulfuric acid medium. The etherate was dissolved with a little water and kept in a desiccator with sulfuric acid. The yield was above 80%. 2.3. Elemental analysis Tungsten was analyzed by 8-hydroxy-quinoline-tannin acid-methylviolet gravimetry; germanium, vanadium and molybdenum were analyzed by ICP; the amount of water was analyzed by thermo- gravimetry. Found: Ge, 2.30; W, 59.53; Mo, 3.04; V, 1.61; H2O, 12.28. Calc. for H5GeW10Mo- VO40Á21H2O: Ge, 2.36; W, 59.67; Mo, 3.11; V, 1.65; H2O, 12.27. 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn Q. Wu, X. Sang / Materials Research Bulletin 40 (2005) 405–410 407 2.4. Measurement of conductivity At room temperature (18 8C), H5GeW10MoVO40Á21H2O was pressed into a tablet 15 mm in diameter and 3.88 mm in thickness under a pressure of 20 MPa. Two copper sheets were attached to two sides of the tablet. The proton conductivity was measured using a cell: copperjsamplejcopper. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Determination of basicity The number of hydrogen in the HPA and the states of ionization can be determined by potentiometer titration [16]. The potentiometric titration curve (Fig. 1) shows that the five protons of H5GeW10Mo- VO40Á21H2O are equivalent and they are ionized in the same step. 3.2. IR and UV spectra The IR spectrum of HPA shows the jump between two vibration energy levels of the electron basic state. The vibrations of the oxygen bond reflect the change of mechanical and electronic properties, every change has its own characteristic frequency. The absorptive band of the HPA UV spectrum shows the charge-transfer between oxygen and a coordinate metal atom [17]. nÀ The [GeM12O40] structure (Keggin structure) consists of one GeO4 tetrahedron surrounded by four M3O13 sets formed by three edge-sharing octahedra. The M3O13 sets are linked together through oxygen nÀ atoms. Thus, there are four kinds of oxygen atoms in [GeM12O40] , four Ge–Oa in which one oxygen atom connects with heteroatom (Ge), 12 M–Ob–M oxygen-bridges (corner-sharing oxygen-bridge between different M3O13 sets), 12 M–Oc–M oxygen-bridges (edge-sharing oxygen-bridge within Fig. 1. The potentiometric titration curve of H5GeW10MoVO40Á21H2O. 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn 408 Q. Wu, X. Sang / Materials Research Bulletin 40 (2005) 405–410 Fig. 2. IR spectrum of H5GeW10MoVO40Á21H2O. M3O13 sets) and 12 M–Od terminal oxygen atoms. In general, the symmetric and asymmetric stretching of the different kinds of M–O bonds are observed in the following spectral regions: M–Od bonds (1000– À1 À1 À1 900 cm ), M–Ob–M bridges (800–900 cm ), M–Oc–M bridges (700–800 cm ) [18]. In the IR spectrum of H5GeW10MoVO40Á21H2O(Fig. 2), there are five characteristic bands: À1 À1 À1 À1 978 cm , vas (M–Od); 877 cm , vas (M–Ob–M); 767 cm , vas (M–Oc–M); 816 cm , vas (Ge– À1 Oa); 458 cm , d(O–Ge–O), all of which correspond to the spectrum of the heteropoly complex of Keggin structure previously reported [19]. In the Keggin structure, intense absorption bands at 200 and 260 nm are caused by charge-transfer of the terminal oxygen and bridge-oxygen to metal atoms, respectively. In the UV spectrum, there are two characteristic bands: 197 nm, Od ! M; 265 nm Ob/Oc ! M [20]. 3.3. X-ray powder diffraction X-ray powder diffraction is widely used to study the structural features of HPA and explain their properties [21]. The data of X-ray powder diffraction are listed in Table 1. In each of the four ranges of 2u that are 7–108,16–228,25–308 and 33–388, there are characteristic peaks of HPA anions that have Keggin structure. Combined with IR and UV spectra, we are sure that H5GeW10MoVO40Á21H2O possesses Keggin structure. Table 1 Data of X-ray powder diffraction of H5GeW10MoVO40Á21H2O 2u(8) 7.80 8.59 9.61 16.10 18.05 19.90 23.80 d(nm) 1.133 1.030 0.920 0.551 0.491 0.446 0.374 I 100.0 47.2 11.0 12.2 11.6 6.8 8.6 2u(8) 27.41 28.34 29.85 30.63 31.90 33.17 38.05 d(nm) 0.325 0.315 0.299 0.292 0.281 0.270 0.236 I 22.4 20.8 12.4 6.8 10.0 17.8 8.0 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn Q. Wu, X. Sang / Materials Research Bulletin 40 (2005) 405–410 409 Fig. 3. Thermogram of H5GeW10MoVO40Á21H2O. 3.4. Thermal analysis HPA consists of protons, HPA anions and hydration water. Fig. 3 is the thermogram of H5GeW10- MoVO40Á21H2O. The TG curve shows that the total percent of weight loss is 12.30%, which indicates that each HPA molecule has 21 molecules of water and there are three steps of weight loss. The first is the loss of 11 molecules of hydration water, the second is the loss of 10 molecules of protonized water and the third is the loss of 2.5 molecule of structural water. Thus, the accurate molecular formula of the product is + (H5O2 )5 GeW10MoVO40Á11H2O [22].