Vol. 50, No. 3 2017 SCHOOL OF LAW CREIGHTON UNIVERSITY OMAHA, NEBRASKA BOARD OF EDITORS CLAIRE E. WILKA Editor in Chief PETER M. LANGDON Executive Editor TYLER S. SEALS BENJAMIN DEAVER KATIE M. MATEJKA Senior Lead Articles Editor Lead Articles Editor Lead Articles Editor MICHAEL SALLOUM SEAN T. NAKAMOTO SHANNON M. BEHM Lead Articles Editor Research Editor Student Articles Editor CAMERON OAKLEY FINKE NOAH GLOVER MORGAN L. KREISER Student Articles Editor Student Articles Editor Student Articles Editor EDITORIAL STAFF MARK HANNA JEREMY FONTAIN ASSOCIATE STAFF PAUL JAMES BLAZEK BRENNAN R. BLOCK RYAN P. CALLEY TAYLOR ANTHONY CLAPP MARIA A. COHEE SCOTT M. ECKEL LAUREL FREEMYER RACHEL M. LEE RILEY J. MCCORMICK BLAKE MILLER CHRISTIAN H. MIRCH YOUNSUNG PARK JULIE M. RYAN LEXY K. SCHUMAN TIMOTHY A. SNYDER COURTNEY E. SOLMA AMANDA C. SWISHER MIKAYLA L. TRAVERS RHYS J. WILLIAMS DANIEL WILLIS FACULTY ADVISOR BUSINESS MANAGER NICHOLAS A. MIRKAY III DIANE KRILEY TRIBUTES 50 YEARS OF THE CREIGHTON LAW REVIEW VOLUME 40 .................................. Brian J. Koenig 439 VOLUME 41 .............................. Sara Gude Reznicek 441 ARTICLES CHANGING TIMES IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION – A SURVEY OF PRACTICING LAWYERS ......Stephen C. Sieberson, 443 Alex Fayad, Carola Cintr´on-Arroyo USING INSURANCE TO REGULATE CIVIL FORFEITURE ......................... Michael J. Keblesh 455 STATE LAWMAKING ON FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL CHILDCARE PARENTS: MORE PRINCIPLED ALLOCATIONS OF POWERS AND MORE RATIONAL DISTINCTIONS ......... Jeffrey A. Parness 479 EYEWITNESS MISIDENTIFICATION: A MISTAKE THAT BLINDS INVESTIGATIONS, SWAYS JURIES, AND LOCKS INNOCENT PEOPLE BEHIND BARS ...........................Carla Stenzel 515 NOTES UNITED STATES V. HUGHES: FOR PURPOSES OF THE LACEY ACT CIRCUIT SPLIT, THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT HUNTS DOWN THE PROPER DEFINITION OF MARKET VALUE ..... Paul James Blazek 533 NEBRASKA TRADE SECRET PROTECTION: THE FORUM SELECTION CONUNDRUM FACING TRADE SECRET OWNERS AFTER THE DEFEND TRADE SECRETS ACT OF 2016 ........Brennan R. Block 559 STATE V. MATTHEWS: THE NEBRASKA SUPREME COURT INCORRECTLY OBSERVES A VICTIM’S CHARACTER AS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF SELF-DEFENSE FOR THE ADMISSION OF SPECIFIC CHARACTER EVIDENCE UNDER RULE 405...........Blake Miller 587 2040 INITIATIVE AND THE WERNER INSTITUTE – SYMPOSIUM 50 YEARS OF LOVING: SEEKING JUSTICE THROUGH LOVE AND RELATIONSHIPS ARTICLES, ESSAYS, AND REFLECTIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF LOVING V. VIRGINIA SYMPOSIUM INTRODUCTION ..................Palma Joy Strand 617 LOVING AND LOVING: ERODING THE STANCE OF OTHER ..........................Palma Joy Strand 621 PERSONAL REFLECTION ON 50 YEARS OF LOVING: CREATING SPACES OF DIFFERENCES BY DEMANDING “THE RIGHT TO OPACITY” ..................... Jacqueline N. Font-Guzm´an 637 FROM LOVING V. VIRGINIA TO BARACK OBAMA: THE SYMBOLIC TIE THAT BINDS ............ G. Reginald Daniel 641 & Jasmine Kelekay 50 YEARS OF LOVING: ESSAY .. Robert Bracamontes Black Crow 669 50 YEARS OF LOVING: WHAT’S WRONG WITH BEING COLORBLIND? ..............Jessica Hartley Sodeke 673 THE RADICAL ACT OF LOVING: HOW THE ORDINARY BECOMES EXTRAORDINARY ......... Amanda Guidero 681 50 YEARS OF LOVING: A REFLECTION ON SEEKING JUSTICE THROUGH LOVE AND RELATIONSHIPS .......................Nicholas A. Mirkay 685 FILMIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LONG ARC OF THE LAW: LOVING AND THE NARRATIVE INDIVIDUALIZATION OF SYSTEMIC INJUSTICE OR, PERFECT PLAINTIFFS IN AN IMPERFECT NARRATIVE: PERFECTLY OPTIMISTIC FOR AN IMPERFECT POST-ELECTION WORLD?........... Alanna Doherty 693 REFLECTION: HOW MULTIRACIAL LIVES MATTER 50 YEARS AFTER LOVING ....... Lauren Sudeall Lucas 719 DUAL MINORITY MIXED RACE ACTIVISTS AND THE CULTIVATION OF CROSS-RACIAL/ETHNIC COALITIONS IN THE POST-LOVING ERA ..........Kevin Escudero 725 BELONGING: RACE OR CATEGORIES .......... Elaine S. Sylvester 737 REFLECTIONS ON THE LOVING CONFERENCE: RACE, IDENTITY, COMMUNITY, AND CONFLICT .... Bernard Mayer 745 The CREIGHTON LAW REVIEW (ISSN 0011—1155) is published four times a year in December, March, June and September by the students of the Creighton University School of Law, 2133 California St., Omaha, NE 68178. Subscription prices are $30.00 per annum. Past issues are available from William S. Hein & Co., Inc., 1285 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14209-1987 and through HeinOnline. Microfilm editions are available from NA Publishing Inc., P.O. Box 998, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-0998. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: Creighton Law Review School of Law 2133 California Street Omaha, Nebraska 68178 (402) 280-2815 Publication office: Joe Christensen, Inc., 1540 Adams Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68521 Periodicals postage paid at Omaha, Nebraska and additional mailing office at Lincoln, Nebraska COPYRIGHT © 2017 BY CREIGHTON UNIVERSITY CREIGHTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS DANIEL S. HENDRICKSON, SJ, PHD, President of the University THOMAS F. MURRAY, BS, PHD, Interim Provost PAUL E. MCGREAL, BA, JD, LLM, Dean NICHOLAS A. MIRKAY III, BSBA, JD, LLM, Senior Associate Dean for Administration and Planning DAVID P. WEBER, BA, JD, Senior Associate Dean for Academic Affairs MICHAEL J. KELLY, BA, JD, LLM., Associate Dean for International Programs and Faculty Research ANDREA D. BASHARA, BS, MS, Assistant Dean for Students and Special Projects MANDY WHIDDON, BA, JD, Assistant Dean for Career Development KEVIN KERSTEN, SJ, MA, MA, PHD, Chaplain KAY L. ANDRUS, BA, JD, MLS, Director of the Law Library MARTHA LEMAR, BA, JD, Director of Alumni CHRIS BAUER, BA, MS, Director of Development CATHERINE MAHERN, BS, JD, Director of the Abrahams Legal Clinic JACQUELINE FONT-GUZMAN´ , BA, MA, JD, PHD, Director of The Werner Institute CAROL C. KNOEPFLER, BA, JD, Director of Legal Writing DAVE MADSEN, BS, CPA, Director of Finance SANDRA MURNAN, Associate Registrar FACULTY OF LAW TERRY M. ANDERSON, BA, JD, LLM, Professor of Law KAY L. ANDRUS, BA, JD, MLS, Professor of Law and Director of Law Library EDWARD J. BIRMINGHAM, BS, JD, LLM, Professor of Law PATRICK J. BORCHERS, BS, JD, Professor of Law and Lillis Family Professorship in Law CATHERINE M. BROOKS, BA, MA, JD, Professor of Law KRISTINE C. COTE´ , BA, MA, JD, Assistant Professor of Law STANLEY E. COX, AB, MAT, JD, Resident Professor of Law Craig W. Dallon, BA, JD, Professor of Law NOAM EBNER, LLB, LLM, Professor of Negotiation and Conflict Resolution G. MICHAEL FENNER, BA, JD, James L. Koley ’54 Professor of Constitutional Law JACQUELINE FONT-GUZMAN´ , BA, MA, JD, PHD, Professor and Director of The Werner Institute IRINA FOX, BA, JD, Assistant Professor of Law RACHEL J. GOEDKEN, BS, MS, JD, Assistant Professor of Law MICHAEL J. KELLY, BA, JD, LLM, Professor of Law, Associate Dean for Faculty Research and International Programs, and Senator Allen A. Sekt Endowed Chair in Law RANETA LAWSON MACK, BA, JD, Professor of Law and Skinner Family Annual Professorship CATHERINE MAHERN, BS, JD, Associate Professor of Law, Connie Kearney Endowed Chair in Clinical Legal Education, and Director of the Abrahams Legal Clinic R. COLLIN MANGRUM, BA, JD, BCL, SJD, Professor of Law and A. A. & Ethel Yossem Endowed Chair in Legal Ethics BERNIE MAYER, BA, MSW, PHD, Professor of Conflict Resolution - The Werner Institute PAUL E. MCGREAL, BA, JD, LLM, Dean and Professor of Law Kenneth J. Melilli, BA, JD, Professor of Law NICHOLAS A. MIRKAY III, BSBA, JD, LLM, Senior Associate Dean for Administration and Planning and Professor of Law EDWARD A. MORSE, BSBA, JD, Professor of Law and McGrath, North, Mullin & Kratz Endowed Chair in Business Law KENT J. NEUMEISTER, BA, JD, LLM, Professor of Law GREGORY J. O’MEARA, SJ, BA, JD, LLM, M.DIV., Rector of the Jesuit Community and Professor of Law DANIEL L. REAL, BA, JD, Assistant Professor of Law STEPHEN C. SIEBERSON, BA, MA, JD, PHD, Professor of Law PALMA J. STRAND, BS, JD, LLM, Professor of Law LARRY L. TEPLY, BA, JD, LLM, Professor of Law and Senator Allen A. Sekt Endowed Chair in Law SEAN M. WATTS, BA, JD, LLM, Professor of Law DAVID P. WEBER, BA, JD, Senior Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Professor of Law MICHAELA M. WHITE, BA, JD, Professor of Law EMERITUS FACULTY OF LAW MARIANNE B. CULHANE, BA, JD, Emerita Professor of Law Nancy Lawler Dickhute, BA, JD, Emerita Professor of Law Eric Pearson, BA, JD, LLM, Professor Emeritus of Law RODNEY SHKOLNICK, BA, JD, Dean Emeritus RONALD L. VOLKMER, BA, JD, LLM, Professor Emeritus of Law RALPH U. WHITTEN, BA, JD, LLM, Professor Emeritus of Law LEGAL RESEARCH AND WRITING FACULTY GEORGE BUTTERFIELD, BA, JD, MSLS TROY C. JOHNSON, BS, JD, MLS LAW SCHOOL ADVISORY BOARD ARNOLD JOHNSON, Chair ROBERT O’CONNOR, JR. HON. JOSEPH BATAILLON JOHN PIERCE HON. FRED BATES JUDITH TWIDWELL POGGE JAMES BAUSCH HON. ROBERT PRATT ROGER BLAUWET GAIL WERNER ROBERTSON PATRICK DUFFY HAROLD ROCK THOMAS GAUGHEN HON. ROBERT ROSSITER, JR. RICHARD GILLOON JAMES SEIFERT THOMAS GRENNAN STEVEN SELINE WILLIAM HARGENS JAMES SILHASEK LISA ANDRUS HAYAN R. BRADLEY SKINNER DR. CYNTHIA IRMER DIANNE LOENNIG STODDARD RICHARD JEFFRIES GAYLA LEE THAL WILLIAM LILLIS MICHAEL WALLACE RAYMOND MCGAUGH JUDY BRUMM WEILL KAREN MORAUSKI PATRICIA ZIEG MICHAEL MULLIN viii 439 TRIBUTE TO THE 50TH VOLUME OF THE CREIGHTON LAW REVIEW I congratulate Creighton University School of Law and all the past and current members of the Creighton Law Review on its fiftieth anniversary. Without their contributions, the Creighton Law Review would not exist as the publication and organization it is today. Like so many others, I am honored to have been a small part of the Creighton Law Review’s fifty-year history and want to recognize the hard work contributed by so many. I had the pleasure of serving as the Editor in Chief of the 40th Edition of the Creighton Law Review, and the contri- butions of my fellow Board of Editors—Anna M. Yost; Kelsey A. (Ev- ans) Bunkers; Kevin S. Tuininga; Amy Bonn; Chad M. Gallacher; Cody D. Katzer; and Paul A. Christensen—still come to mind ten years later. To this day, I remember and am grateful for the exper- iences and life lessons I learned during my time at the Creighton Law Review. Law review is not for everyone. Much like the practice of law, it requires hours of tedious work, attention to detail, and critical think- ing.