Index Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures. A‐zooid, 68, 69 Amathia, 63 aragonite seas, 34–6, 240 Acanthocladia, 141, 167 amorphous calcium Arcanopora, Plate 8B Acanthodesia, 27, Plate 12A carbonate, 28 Archaeotrypa, 214 acanthostyles see styles Amphibiobeania, 163 Archimedes, 8, 9, 106, 123, 181, Achelia, 139–40 anagenesis, 237 224, Plate 7B Actinopora, 60, 146 Anasca, 17 areolae, 52, 86 Adalaria, 140 ancestrula, 9, 55, 56–8, 57, Arnaopora, 110 Adelascopora, 111 227–8 Arthrostylidae, 110 Adeona, 62, 76, 95–6, 110, 225, budding, 98 articulated colony, 94, 109–11, Plates 7D and 8D complex, 58 110, Plate 6E Adeonella, 54, 67, 196 tatiform, 57, 58 Ascodictyon, 17 Adeonellopsis, Plate 10G twinned, 58 Ascophora, 17, 228–30 adeoniform, 96, 108 androzooids, 65, 113 Ascopora, 75 Aechmellina, 55 Anisotrypa, 74 ascopore, 46, 47, 85–86 Aeolopora, 61 Anoigmaichnus, 145 ascus, 46 Aetea, 11, 14, 98 Anomalotoechus, Plate 4H Aspidostoma, 196 Aisenvergiidae, 204 Anoteropora, 36, 113 astogeny, 52–6 Akatopora, 73 Antarcticaetos, 42 Astrovidictya, 102 aktinostyles, 31 Antarctothoa, 65, 137 Atagma, 71, 143 Alcyonidium, 12, 17, 48, Antropora, 134, 143 attachment organ, 48 114, 140 aperture, 4, 5 Attinopora, 48 algal consortium hypothesis,COPYRIGHTED 31 Aplousina, Plate 6A MATERIALAulopora, 98, 145 algal epiphytes, 162 Apsendesia, 73 autofragmentation, 117 Allonema, 17 Arachnidium, 202, 215 automobility, 94, 113 Altshedata, 145 aragonite dissolution, 36, 37 autosyndrome, 10 Bryozoan Paleobiology, First Edition. Paul D. Taylor. © 2020 Natural History Museum. Published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 0004865606.INDD 311 6/16/2020 8:07:40 PM autozooids, 42–58 branching colonies, 94 Cambrian ‘bryozoans,’ 212–14 size, 42, 44 delicate, 94, Plate 6F–G cancelli, 88, 89 avicularia, 65–71, 66, 67, 69, robust, 94, Plate 6H–I cap‐like apparatus, 81 70, 143 brooding, 59–65 Carbasea, 59 adventitious, 54, 66, 67 duration, 60 carbonate compensation bird’s head, 67–8, 67 internal, 62, 63 depth, 164 giant, 66, 68 brood sac, 59 Cardioecia, 31 interzooidal, 66, 67 brown body, 2 Cardoarachnidium, 201, 202 oldest, 69–71, 69, 70 brown deposit, 3, Plate 4A Catellocaula, 147 vicarious, 66, 67 bryalgal bioherms, 169, Catenicellidae, 110 victims, 68 Plate 2G catenicelliform, 96 aviculomorphs, 72 Bryoconversor, 144 caudae, 42 axial bundle, 101, 102 bryoimmuration, 181, Plate 10I Cauloramphus, 61, 75, 143, axial cylinder, 101, 102 bryoliths, 114–16, 115, Plates 188, 229 axial zooids, 75 2C, 8F–G Cellaria, 15, 38, 95–6, 110, 151, bryostatin, 144 157, 169–70, Plate 6E B‐zooid, 68, 69 bryostromatolites, 153 cellariiform, 95–6 ‘Berenicea,’ 137 bryozoan habitats, 155–72 Cellarinella, 8, 152, 157, bacteria, 12, 151, 152, 153–4 bryozoarites, 176 Plate 7A balanuliths, 114 bud fusion, 100 Cellarinoides, 42 Barentsia, 163 budding Cellepora, 95–6 basal walls, 23 eruptive, 93, 100 Celleporaria, 68, 104, 145, 146, Batopora, 174 frontal, 6, 100 150, 162, 165, 171, Plates Batostoma, 29, 166 interzooecial, 101, Plate 4I 6D and 7C benthic islands, 161 intramural, 142–3, 143 Celleporella, 8, 65, 79, 99, 182, Bergmann’s Rule, 182 intrazooecial, 101 188–9 bifoliate colonies, 101, 108 intrazooidal, 134, 135 celleporiform, 95–6 Bimulticavea, 120 loci, 95 Celleporina, 39, 112, Plate 6I binders, 165, 167–8 multizooidal, 134, 135 Cellulipora, 121 bioclaustrations, 145, 146 rate, 9 Centronea, 121 biogeography, 191 reversed polarity, 142, 143 Ceramopora, 81 bioimmurations, 15, 16, 112 spiral, 100, 101 Ceriocava, 53, Plate 6H bioturbation, 115, 214, 241 Buckhorn asphalt, 27, 29 Ceriopora, 224 bipolar pair, 93, 103 Bugula, 8–9, 12, 27, 61, 67, 76, Chaeotosalpinx, 145, 147 Biselenaria, 100, 226 80, 127, 139–40, 144, 153, Chaperiopsis, 57 blades, 83 162–3, 165, 176, 189, 205 Charixa, 93 Blumenbachium, 24, 121 Bugulidae, 153 Chasmatopora, Plate 12F Bonellina, 226 Bugulina, 68, 123, 153, 189 Cheilostomata, 5, 17, 18 Boreasina, 229 Burnupena, 140–1 compared with cyclostomes, boring bryozoans see endolithic Buskia, 16 230–4 bryozoans phylogeny, 209 borings into bryozoans, 147, calcite seas, 34–6, 240 chimaeras, 10, 132 151, 152 calculi, 3 Chiplonkarina, 24, 49, 223, 224, Botryllopora, 64, 121 Callopora, 188 Plate 8N Bouchardia, 137 Calpensia, 47, 114, 162, Plate Chondriovelum, 169 branch bifurcation, 98, 101 8F–G cilia, 4, 49 312 INDEX 0004865606.INDD 312 6/16/2020 8:07:40 PM Cinctipora, 27, 156, 174–5 Constellaria, 121, Plate 10B Cyclostomata, 5, 17, 18, 19 class relationships, 200–1 convergent evolution, 6, 221–7 compared with cheilostomes, Clavopora, 15 Copidozoum, 18, 47 230–4 Clinopora, 195 coralliths, 115 compared with clonoteny, 7 Corambe, 140 palaeostomates, 227–8 closure plates, 52, 54, 223 Corbulella, 143 phylogeny, 207 cobble and pebble substrates, Corbulipora, 56 Cymodocea, 162 157–9 cormidial zooids, 88–9, 88 cyphonautes, 189–91, 209, 218 coelom, 2 Corynotrypa, 56, 93, 103, 137, cystid, 2 Coelotubipora, 75 143, 152, 154, 201, 202, 215 cystiphragms, 82, 121 cold seeps, 161–2 Coscinopleuridae, 9 Cystoporata, 17, 18, 19 collar (setigerous), 15, 129 costae, 46, 56, 73, 108, 221, Cystostroma, 166 collecting, 17–18 229, 230 collector curves, 239 Cradoscrupocellaria, 78 Dakariella, 185 colonial budding, 117 Crassimarginatella, 66 Dartevellopora, 164 colonial integration, 126–7 Crescis, 60 deep sea, 163–4 coloniality, 7 Cretaceous–Palaeogene delicate branching colonies, 92, colony dormancy, 11, 12 radiation, 218–20 94, 96, 180, Plate 6F–G colony‐forms, 6, Plates 6–8, cribrate colonies, 94, 122, 122, Deltoideum, 163 10–12 225, Plate 8C–D Demafinga, 17, Plate 7E classifications, 91–5 Cribricellina, 110 demizooids, 223 distributions through Cribrilina, 56, 94, 183 Dendrobeania, 140 geological time, 234–6 cribrimorphs, 46, 47, 56, 86, Densipora, 162, Plate 10H functional morphology, 135, 221, 229, 230, Plate 9D depth 102–116 Crisia, 22, 24, 59, 110, 169, 189 branch diameter, 174–6, 175 palaeoenvironments, 170–2 Crisidmonea, 124, 224 distributions, 172–6 colony longevity, 13 Crisiidae, 163 greatest recorded, 11 colony size, 1–2 Cristatella, 11 Dianulites, 94, 104, 114, Columnotheca, 8 Crisulipora, 30, 110, Plate 5C Plate 4C competition, 131–9, 231–3 Crownoporidae, 203 Diaperoecia, 75, 169, 175, 207, hierarchy, 133 crust‐mounds, 165 208, Plate 6F network, 133 cryptocyst, 46 Diaperoforma, 114–15 spatial, 132–9, 231–4 Cryptoarachnidium, 156 diaphragms, 80 trophic, 134, 139 Cryptopolyzoon, 15 basal, 52, 53, 74, 80, 83, 228 composite multiserial colonies, Cryptostomata, 17, 18, 19 ring, 74, 83 93, 98 cryptostyles, 32 terminal, 52, 53, 77, 80, 228 compound walls, 23, 24 Cryptostyloecia, 31 diatoms, 51 conchicoles, 150 Cryptosula, 127, 142, 169 dietellae see pore chambers condyles, 5, 54, 66, 85, 87 crystallography, 29 dioecious, 8 cone‐shaped colonies, 94, Ctenostomata, 15–17, 16 Diploporaria, 194 95, 114 Cuffeyella, 204 Diplosolen, 14, 77 Conescharellina, 96, 116 Culicia, 145, 146 Diplotrypa, 74, 150, Plate 4M conescharelliniform, 96, 116, 174 Cupuladria, 33, 68, 78, 79, 117, Discantenna, 95, 164 confrontational strategy, 103 164, 181, 190, 226 Discinisca, 163 Conopeum, 8, 52, 93, 149, 153, Cupuladriidae, 79, 226 Discoporella, 79, 117, 118 169, 182–3 cuticle, 5, 21, 164, 223, 233–4 Discoradius, 226 INDEX 313 0004865606.INDD 313 6/16/2020 8:07:40 PM dispersal, 8, 10, 188–91, 219 Eostenopora, 99 fertilization, 8, 59 Disporella, 31, 57, 136, 203 epibiont shadowing, 17 Ficopomatus, 153 dissepiments, 92, 224, 225 epistome, 15 Filicrisia, 57, 58 Distelopora, 62, 63 Epistomia, 2 Finichnus, 128, 129 diversity Erksonea, 73, 175 Fistuliphragma, 18 in caves, 160 Ernstipora, 124 Fistulipora, 84, 88, 166, 194, current related, 156 eruptive bud, 93 Plate 10C depth related, 157, 165, 173–4 Eschara, 95–6 Fistuliporidra, 145 latitude related, 187, 191–2, Escharella, Plate 6A fixed‐walled organization, 192, 203–4 eschariform, 96 208, 228 salinity related, 153 Escharoides, 137, 182 Floridina, 53 sediment related, 156 Esthonioporata, 17, 18, 19 Flustra, 1, 37, 66, 96, 101, 109, through geological time, etching bryozoans, 128, 129 139–40, 163 211–21, 231–3 Eurystomellidae, 140, 205 Flustrellidra, 31, Plate 5G Doridella, 140 euxinia, 216 flustriform, 96, 109 Doryporella, 22, 135 Evactinopora, 108–9, Plate 7H foliose colonies, 92, Plate Doryporellidae, 205 evolutionary tempo, 236–7 12A–C Drepanophora, 181 excurrent chimneys, 119–22, fossil substrates, 158 dropstones, 95, 157 119, 120, 122 fouling, 77, 132, 137 dwarf female zooids, 63, 64 Exechonella, 169, 181 Foveolaria, 169 Dyscritella, 74, 167, 195 exilazooids, 72, 74 Fovoporella, 60 Dyscritellina, 31, 32 Exochella, 143 fragmentation, 9, 116–18 Dysnoetopora, Plate 2F exosaccal cavity, 46 frame builders, 165, 168 exozone, 37, 48, 74 frame‐thickets, 165, 168 ecological succession, 131 exterior walls, 22, 23 free‐living colonies, 94, 112–18, ecophenotypic variation, 109 extrazooidal structures, 87–9, Plate 6L–M ectooecium, 59, 61 108, 109 free‐lying colonies, 104, 114, Eichwaldopora, 29, 121 Plate 6D Einhornia, 12, 43, 153 faecal pellets, 51 free‐walled organization, El Niño/La Niña–Southern fascicles, 120, Plate 8E 208, 228 Oscillation, 186 Fasciculipora, 27, 49, 176, frontal membrane, 46 Electra, 75, 79, 98, 134, 140, Plate 12I frontal shields, 46, 85, 86 143, 162, 182–3, 196 Fatkullina, 116 evolution, 228–30 Eleidae, 42, 71, 141 Favositella, 3 gymnocystal, 85, 86, 229, eleozooids, 71–2, 71, 143, 223 feeding, 49–51 Plate 9E Emballotheca, 196 multizooidal currents, 50, lepralioid, 85, 86, 229–30, embedment fossils, 145 119–25 Plate 9G–H endemism, 188 tiering, 111–12 spinocystal,