i TITLE PAGE INDUSTRIAL NOISE LEVELS IN ABA URBAN AREA OF ABIA STATE, NIGERIA. BY MADUKO, CHIOMA ELIZABETH PG/M.Sc/13/66382 A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES AND THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY,UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN GEOGRAPHY (ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT) DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY JUNE, 2016 ii APPROVAL/CERTIFICATION Maduko, Chioma Elizabeth, a postgraduate student in the Department of Geography, specialized in Environmental Management, has satisfactorily completed the requirements for the course and research work for the award of the degree of Master of Science (M.Sc) in Geography (Environmental Management). The work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted in part or full for any other Diploma or Degree of this or any other university. ----------------------- ----------------------------- DR. M.C. OBETA PROF. P.A.O. ODJUGO (Supervisor) (External Examiner) ------------------------------------------ PROF. P.O PHIL-EZE (Head, Department of Geography) ------------------------------------------ PROF. H.C. ACHUNIKE (Dean, Faculty of Social Science) JUNE, 2016. iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to - The Magnanimity of the Almighty God and, My Parents and Siblings. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Approval/Certification ii Dedication iii Table of Contents iv Acknowledgement viii List of Figures ix List of Tables xi List of Plates xii List of Abbreviations/Acronyms xiii Abstract xiv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem 4 1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study 10 1.4 Study Area 11 1.4.1 Location 11 1.4.2 Geology 14 1.4.3 Climate 14 1.4.4 Vegetation 15 1.4.5 Relief and Drainage 15 1.4.6 Population and Urban Development 16 1.4.7 Industrial and Social Activities 17 1.4.8 Land-Use Type 19 1.5 Literature Review 23 1.6 Theoretical Framework 35 v 1.6.1 Arousal Theory 35 1.6.2 Composite Theory 36 1.6.3 Maximum Adaptability Theory 37 1.7 The Research Hypotheses 39 1.8 Research Methodology 39 1.8.1 Reconnaissance Survey 40 1.8.1.1 Selection of Industries Used in the Study 40 1.8.2 Data Collection 44 1.8.2.1 Noise Level Measurements 44 1.8.2.2 Use of Research Assistants 44 1.8.2.3 Key Informant Interviews 44 1.8.2.4 Questionnaire Administration 45 1.8.2.5 Validation of the Instrument 45 1.8.2.5.1 Test of Reliability 45 1.8.3 Secondary Data 46 1.8.4 Data Analysis 46 1.8.4.1 Noise Maps 46 1.9 Plan of the Project 47 CHAPTER TWO: SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL NOISE 2.1 Sources of Industrial Noise 50 2.1.1 Equipment Induced Noise 50 2.1.2 Machine Induced Noise 51 2.1.3 Metal Processing 51 2.1.4 Wood Processing 51 2.1.5 Power Generation 52 2.1.6 Assembling of Products 52 vi 2.1.7 Loading and Offloading of Products 52 2.1.8 Maintenance Induced Noise 53 2.1.9 Product Painting 53 2.1.10 Branding and Rebranding of Products 53 2.1.11 Product Sorting 54 2.1.12 Industrial Accidents 54 2.1.13 Product Fabrication 54 2.2 Respondents' Perception of Industrial Noise Levels in Aba Urban 55 CHAPTER THREE: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL NOISE LEVELS IN ABA URBAN AREA OF ABIA STATE, NIGERIA. 3.1 Spatial Variations of Industrial Noise 59 3.2 Temporal Variations of Industrial Noise 64 CHAPTER FOUR- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL NOISE LEVELS ON PEOPLES' HEALTH IN ABA URBAN AREA OF ABIA STATE, NIGERIA. 4.1 The Effects of Industrial Noise Levels on Peoples' Health in Aba Urban Area 91 4.1.1 Sleep Interference 91 4.1.2 Stress 92 4.1.3 Speech Interference 92 4.1.4 Annoyance 93 4.1.5 Fatigue 93 4.1.6 Hearing Defects 93 4.1.7 Increased Blood Pressure 94 4.1.8 Irregularity of Heart Rhythms 95 4.1.9 Reduction in Productivity 95 4.1.10 Accidents and Injuries 95 CHAPTER FIVE: PROBLEMS MILITATING AGAINST INDUSTRIAL NOISE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT IN ABA URBAN AREA OF ABIA STATE, NIGERIA. 5.1 Problems Militating Industrial Noise Control and Management in Aba Urban Area 98 vii 5.1.1 Epileptic Power Supply 98 5.1.2 Low Commitment to Implementation and Enforcement of Existing Laws 99 5.1.3 Insufficient Funding of Regulatory Agencies 99 5.1.4 Inadequate Access to Information 99 5.1.5 Multiplicity of Agencies 100 5.1.6 Corruption 100 5.1.7 Insufficient Noise Laws 101 5.1.8 Rapid Population Growth 101 CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION. 6.1 Summary of Research Findings 103 6.2 Recommendations 104 6.3 Conclusion 106 REFERENCES 108 APPENDICES 125 viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am indebted particularly to my supervisor Dr. M.C. Obeta, for his constructive criticisms, patience, support and useful suggestions to ensure that this project work turns out well. His contributions to this work is immeasurable and I will forever be grateful to him. My sincere appreciation goes to my parents, Engr. and Mrs. Dickson Maduko; to my wonderful siblings, Mrs. Maureen, Dr Frank, Doris, Engr. Chike and Engr. Nnamdi; to my grandma, Ezinne Catherine Maduko and to my cousins. Your contributions, supports and prayers to the success of my study cannot be quantified. May the good Lord continue to bless you all abundantly. I wish to thank the entire staff and students of the Department of Geography and Dr. L.O Amazue of the Department Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka for their various contribut ions and assistance towards the successful completion of this work. I will not fail to thank my friends and colleagues Mrs. Ossai, Mrs Aduba, Mr. Okafor, Mr Ogbodo, Miss Ify Johnson and Mrs. Jenny Nwosu for their various contributions. Your efforts are highly appreciated. To my amiable roommate, Pharm. Osifo Itohan; I couldn't have asked for a better roomy. And to my friends in the hostel; Obasi Chinyere, Okoro Blessing, Ihedike Odili and Michael Nwankwo, thank you for your love and care. Finally, I wish to thank Mr. Isiguzo, Mr. Moses, all the research assistants employed in the course of carrying out this project and to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this work. May God Almighty bless you all. JUNE, 2016 Maduko, Chioma Elizabeth. ix LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Abia State Showing the Study Area 12 Fig. 2: Aba Urban Area Showing the Local Government Areas 13 Fig. 3: Arousal Theory of Stress and Performance 36 Fig. 4: Poulton's Composite Model 37 Fig. 5: Trinity of Stress 38 Fig. 6: Maximum Adaptability of Stress and Performance 38 Fig. 7: Extension of the Maximum Adaptability Model 39 Fig. 8: Aba Urban Showing Sample Industry 43 Fig. 9: Respondents' Perception of Industrial Noise Levels in Aba Urban 57 Fig. 10: Maximum Spatial Variations in Industrial Noise Levels 62 Fig. 11: Minimum Spatial Variations in Industrial Noise Levels 63 Fig. 12: Maximum Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels During the Morning Period (9a.m-11a.m, November, 2015) 69 Fig. 13:Minimum Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels During the Morning Period (9a.m-11a.m, November, 2015) 70 Fig. 14: Maximum Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels During the Afternoon Period (12noon-2p.m, November, 2015) 71 Fig. 15: Minimum Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels During the Afternoon Period (12noon-2p.m, November, 2015) 72 Fig. 16: Maximum Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels During the Evening Period (3p.m-5p.m, November, 2015) 73 Fig. 17: Minimum Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels During the Evening Period (3p.m-5p.m, November, 2015) 74 Fig. 18: Maximum Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels During the Morning Period (9a.m-11a.m, December, 2015) 79 x Fig. 19: Minimum Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels During the Morning Period (9a.m-11a.m, December, 2015) 80 Fig. 20: Maximum Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels During the Afternoon Period (12noon-2p.m, December, 2015) 81 Fig. 21: Minimum Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels During the Afternoon Period (12noon-2p.m, December, 2015) 82 Fig. 22: Maximum Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels During the Evening Period (3p.m-5p.m, December, 2015) 83 Fig. 23: Minimum Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels During the Evening Period (3p.m-5p.m, December, 2015) 84 Fig. 24: Trend in Industrial Noise Over Time ` 85 Fig. 25: Clusters of Industries in The Study Area 87 xi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Noise Level Standards for Industrial Areas of Some Selected Countries 6 Table 2: Approved Guidelines Values for Community Noise in Nigeria 7 Table 3: Population of Aba Urban Area 17 Table 4:Location of Sampled Industries 42 Table 5: Respondents Identified Sources of Industrial Noise in Percentages 50 Table 6: Respondents' Perception of Industrial Noise Levels in Aba Urban 56 Table 7: Noise Sensitivity Classification 59 Table 8:Spatial Variations in Industrial Noise Levels in Aba Urban Area 60 Table 9:Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels in Aba Urban Area during the Morning Period (9a.m-11a.m, November, 2015) 65 Table 10:Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels in Aba Urban Area during the Afternoon Period (12noon-2p.m, November, 2015) 66 Table 11:Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels in Aba Urban Area during the Evening Period (3p.m-5p.m, November, 2015) 67 Table 12:Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels in Aba Urban Area during the Morning Period (9a.m-11a.m, December, 2015) 75 Table 13:Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels in Aba Urban Area during the Afternoon Period (12noon-2p.m, December, 2015) 76 Table 14:Table 4:Temporal Variations in Industrial Noise Levels in Aba Urban Area during the Evening Period (3p.m-5p.m, December,