O1EQN A 00 00 3 0 4 OLI297 I E Ci / E $1.00 41:49 I9S I121 Growing Hazelnuts in Ore;., DATE. OF OUT IS information: PUBLICATIONcurrent most THIS For http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalogExtension Circular 1219 I May 1985 Oregon State University Extension Service Contents Economic importance 3 Managing a hazelnut orchard (continued) Cropvalue ....................................................... 3 Covercrops .........................................................11 Geographic distribution ...................................... 3 Training and pruning .............................................. 12 Marketingaids .................................................. 3 Wound dressings ................................................... 12 Production costs ................................................ 3 Sucker control ...................................................... 12 Locating the orchard ...............................................4 Orchard nutrition ...................................................... 13 Suitable soils .................................................... 4 Neworchards ....................................................... 13 Determining soil suitability ..................................4 Potassium (K) .................................................. 13 Magnesium (Mg) ..............................................DATE. 13 Hazelnut varieties .................................................. 4 Lime.............................................................13 1,3 Nut development ................................................... 5 Nitrogen(N) .................................................... Mature orchard nutrition ......................................... 13 Floral initiation and development........................... 5 Fertilizer needs OFand application ................................. 13 Pollination ...........................................................6 Nitrogen(N) ....................................................13 Pollinizer requirements ....................................... 6 Phosphorus (P) ................................................ 13 Pollinizer spacing and placement ........................... 6 Potassium (K) .................................................. 13 Boron(B) ........................................................ 14 Blanks, brownstain, and developmental dropouts........... 7 Insects....................................................................14 Blank formation ............................................... 7 OUT Brownstain ...................................................... 7 Diseases..................................................................14 Flower cluster losses ...........................................7 Orchard sanitation ................................................. 14 Growing and selecting planting stock ...........................7IS Bacterial blight ..................................................... 14 Eastern filbert blight ...............................................15 Method of propagating.......................................7 Control.......................................................... 15 Propagating from suckers .................................... 8 Graftedtrees ................................................ 8 Animals.................................................................. 15 Selecting planting stock ....................................... 8 Bluejays and squirrels .............................................15 15 Orchard design ...................................................... 8 Deerdamage ........................................................ Gophers and moles .................................................15 Intercropping with hazelnut trees ........................... 8 Meadowmice ....................................................... 16 Arrangement of permanent trees ............................information:9 Moss and lichen ......................................................... 16 Establishing a new orchard .......................................9 Staking out the orchard .......................................9 Harvesting ...............................................................16 Using a planting board ........................................10 Leaves and trash on the ground .................................. 17 Planting the trees ............................................... 10 Ground preparation for mechanical harvesting.............. 17 Pruning at time of planting ...................................10 Time of harvest ..................................................... 17 Protecting against sunburn ................................... 10 Ethephon to loosen nuts .......................................... 17 Mulching .................................................... 10 Windrowing........................................................17 Cleaning equipment on harvesters .............................. 18 Managing a hazelnut orchard....................................current 10 NontillagePUBLICATION ....................................................... 10 Washing, drying, and storage ........................................ 18 Cultivation ......................................................11 Washing .............................................................18 Intercropping ...................................................11 Drying ................................................................ 18 Storage ............................................................... 19 Weed competitionmost......................................... 11 THIS For http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog 2 Hazelnuts have been cultivated for The tree may produce a few nuts The Northwest's production is 4 to many centuries. Pliny, in 60 A.D., when 2 or 3 years old, but it is not 6% of world hazelnut production and narrated, "Filberts and hazels... are a considered to be in commercial produc- 2 to 3% of U.S. domestic production kind of nut and were called heretofore tion until it is 6 years old. Mature of all tree nuts (including hazelnuts, Abellinae, of their native place... they orchards produce from less than 1,000 walnuts, almonds, and pecans). Hazel- come out of Pontus into Natolia and pounds of dry nuts per acre to better nut prices are, therefore, influenced by Greece and therefore they may be than a ton or more. A well-managed the world production and supply of called pontic nuts." The hazelnut is a orchard will produce about 1,500 hazelnutsas well as the supply of widely distributed species in Europe pounds of dry nuts per acre as an all other nuts. and into Asia. average. It should remain productive Some authorities believe that the up to 40 years or more. Marketing aids name filbert was originallyfull beard, The Filbert/Hazelnut Marketing referring to the fact that in some Board, created in 1949, administers a varieties the husk entirely covers the Federal Marketing Order. The board is nut. Others believe the name has been composed of five growers, three derived from St. Philibert because processors, and one nonindustry August 22, the date dedicated to him, Economic importance member. The marketing order provides corresponds to the ripening date of the for the marketingDATE. of inshell nuts earliest hazelnuts in England. Al- Crop value according to market demands. Produc- though growers in Oregon usually call The contribution hazelnuts make to tion beyond the demands of the inshell them filberts, most customers know Oregon's economy is considerable. market must be shelled. them as hazelnuts. Between 1979 and 1983, the crop OFThe Filbert Bargaining Association, While there is one species of varied from 7,500 to 18,400 tons, and formed in 1972, bargains for grower hazelnut (Corylus cornuta) native to price and delivery conditions with all Oregon, the cultivated varieties of cash farm receipts ranged from $3 to $17.4 million. The value added by packers of record. In 1980, the hazelnuts (Corylus avellana) were processing is about 43% of the cash association represented about 60% of introduced to the United States from receipts. Therefore, the hazelnutOUT indus- the total tonnage in Oregon. Europe by Felix Gillet, a nursery The Oregon Filbert Commission was manager in Nevada City, California. try contributes between $12.3 and $38.3 million annually to Oregon's established in 1951 for sales promotion Between 1885 and 1905, he intro- economy. IS and production research. Commission duced Barcelona, DuChilly, Daviana, members are growers. Commission Hall's Giant, Montebello, Nottingham, activities are financed by grower and others. Some of these varieties are Geographic distribution assessments. still grown in the Pacific Northwest Hazelnut orchards cover the Wil- In recent years, large nut-marketing today. lamette Valley of Oregon from Eugene organizations from California have The natural growth of the hazelnut to Portland and from the foothills of begun to sell Oregon hazelnuts. (filbert) is a bush or a multitrunked, the Coast Range to the foothills of the shrubby tree. In Turkey and southern Cascade Mountains.information: Hazelnut trees Europe, it has been grown in this grow best on deep river-bottom soils, Production costs manner for centuries. In Oregon, but they also thrive on a wide variety of Production costs usually are classi- however, hazelnuts usually are grown other soils. fied into four major categories: cul- as single-trunk trees that may attain a The dominant feature controlling tural operations, harvesting, drying height of 30 feet under proper