UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara A Reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram Phonology, Lexicon, and Morphosyntax A dissertation in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics by Don Roger Daniels Committee in charge: Professor Marianne Mithun, Chair Professor Bernard Comrie Professor Carol Genetti Professor Andrew Pawley June 2015 The dissertation of Don Roger Daniels is approved. Bernard Comrie Carol Genetti Andrew Pawley Marianne Mithun, Committee Chair May 2015 A Reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram: Phonology, Lexicon, and Morphosyntax Copyright © 2015 by Don Roger Daniels iii Acknowledgments It takes a village to write a dissertation. I can’t possibly acknowledge everyone who has contributed to the completion of this project, but there are nevertheless many people I would like to mention. First of all, I give my thanks to my advisor and chair, Marianne Mithun. Her patience, enthusiasm, and encouragement helped me make it through graduate school, and her advice on matters professional, personal, and scholarly was invaluable in my development as a researcher. Very special thanks also go to Andy Pawley. He was the one who suggested these languages as a possible research topic all the way back in 2005, and he has been guiding me through the world of Papuan historical linguistics ever since. The other members of my committee, Bernard Comrie and Carol Genetti, have also provided steady, helpful feedback to me over the years. I have learned more and grown more as a result of the advice and supervision of these scholars than I can possibly express. I am also grateful to the various other linguists who have helped me along the way with guidance or with engaging conversations about my work, including Mark Donohue, Malcolm Ross, Ger Reesink, Sandy Thompson, Nick Evans, Lindsay Whaley, Tim Pulju, René van den Berg, Alex François, Joseph Brooks, Brad McDonnell, Bill Palmer, Edgar Suter, Tim Usher, Harold Koch, and Lourens de Vries. I would also like to thank everyone who helped me during my fieldwork in Papua New Guinea. The folks at the National Research Institute—notably James Robins and Georgia Kaipua—were invaluable in securing permission for me to conduct my research. The kind iv and generous people at Pioneer Bible Translators in Madang provided me with invaluable logistical, cultural, and emotional support while I was in the field, and I am grateful to Martha Wade, Bethaney Butler, Mike Herchenroeder, Norm Weatherhead, Lindy Pate, and the rest of the team for all their help. I also give special thanks to Martha Wade, Kyle Harris, and Mike Sweeney for generously sharing their data on, respectively, Apalɨ, Nend, and Mum. There is no way to thank all of the villagers who so patiently shared their linguistic expertise with me while I was visiting them on fieldwork, but a number of them were particularly generous with their time and knowledge. I would like to thank Daniel and Mark Askai in Paynamar; Joachim Tamsen, Charlie Nanum, and Tobias Mikim in Musak; Tɨraria Prinawai in Karani; Kelly and Bava Amansi in Kamambu; Joel Aikarɨp and Wilidon Samuel in Madang; Philip Kumba and Jori Umbang in Wanang; and John Añɨrhe and Vinny Gramin in Atemble. I also want to thank Amos Ligai and Steven Amansi for their logistical help in arranging several of my trips and networking for me. I also owe many additional thanks to all these people, plus many, many more, for their extraordinary hospitality during my various visits. I am humbled and grateful for their kindness and generosity. I am also grateful to my parents, my brother, and the rest of my family for their support and encouragement during the last several years. A special thank-you goes to my Santa Barbara grandparents for the countless times they had me over for dinner, took me out to breakfast, and let me sleep in their guestroom or stash my surplus belongings at their place. v I also give special thanks and praise to God for creating us, endowing us with reason, and setting us loose in such a wonderful and fascinating world. It is my sincere hope that this work of scholarship will bring him honor. And lastly I thank my wife Kelsey, to whom I owe an enormous debt of gratitude. She has been unwavering in her support and has helped me immensely in countless ways— enabling me to plan my work, patiently discussing my partially-formed ideas, gently talking me through setbacks, encouraging me to take time off when I needed it, and providing steady, loving, and heartfelt support and care, particularly during the difficulties of fieldwork. I dedicate this work to her. Tar urami utna, antuñ kɨñɨtɨŋ. This research was supported financially by a United States Department of Education Javits Fellowship, the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages, the UCSB Department of Linguistics, the University of California Pacific Rim Research Program, NSF Grant BCS-1264157, and the Endangered Languages Documentation Programme Grant IGS0221. vi Curriculum Vitae DON DANIELS Education 2011–2015 University of California, Santa Barbara; Ph.D. in Linguistics Dissertation: A Reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram: Phonology, Lexicon, and Morphosyntax 2008–2011 University of California, Santa Barbara; M.A. in Linguistics Thesis: Scope and Templates: The History of Proto-Na-Dene *da’- ‘DISTRIBUTIVE’, *ya’- ‘MULTIPLE’, and *na- ‘ITERATIVE’ 2002–2006 Dartmouth College; B.A. in Linguistics, with honors, magna cum laude Research Interests Historical linguistics, descriptive morphosyntax, Papuan languages, fieldwork. Publications 2014 Daniels, Don. Complex coordination in diachrony: Two Sogeram case studies. Diachronica 31(3). 379–406. 2014 Koch, Harold, Robert Mailhammer, Robert Blust, Claire Bowern, Don Daniels, Alexandre François, Simon J. Greenhill, Brian D. Joseph, Lawrence Reid, Malcolm Ross, and Paul Sidwell. Research priorities in historical-comparative linguistics: A view from Asia, Australia and the Pacific. Diachronica 31(2). 267–278. 2010 Daniels, Don. A preliminary phonological history of the Sogeram languages of Papua New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics 49(1). 163–193. Archival Collections Daniels, Don (collector, researcher). 2014. Documenting the Sogeram Language Family of Papua New Guinea. Endangered Languages Archive (ELAR), 145 items. http://elar.soas.ac.uk/node/292770. Daniels, Don (collector, researcher). 2010. Papuan Languages Collection. Pacific and Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered Cultures (PARADISEC), 343 items. http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/DD1. Presentations April 2015 Understanding the History of the Proto-Sogeram Irrealis. UCSB Department of Linguistics Colloquium. Santa Barbara, California. vii January 2015 Sogeram Subordinate Clauses in Discourse. UCSB Department of Linguistics Recruitment Colloquium. Santa Barbara, California. October 2014 Reconstructing Aspect in Proto-Sogeram Serial Verbs. UCSB Linguistics Silver Anniversary Reunion. Santa Barbara, California. August 2014 Methodological Remarks on Syntactic Reconstruction. University of Newcastle Linguistics Seminar Series. Newcastle, Australia. May 2014 Clause Nominalization in Aisi and Manat. 7th Austronesian and Papuan Languages and Linguistics Conference. London, England. October 2013 Proto-Sogeram Serial Verbs. Homecoming Lecture, Dartmouth College Program in Linguistics and Cognitive Science. Hanover, New Hampshire. August 2013 Proto-Sogeram Serial Verbs. Academic Forum, Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics. Dallas, Texas. August 2013 How to Change but Stay the Same: Clause Coalescence in Papua New Guinea. 21st International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Oslo, Norway. May 2013 Proto-Sogeram Serial Verbs. Workshop on the Languages of Melanesia. Kioloa, Australia. July 2012 Papuan Clause Coalescence: How to Change but Stay the Same. Seminar, Regular Friday Seminar Series, The Australian National University. Canberra, Australia. July 2012 Proto-Sogeram Kinship. Seminar, Centre for Research on Language Change, The Australian National University. Canberra, Australia. July 2012 The History of Kinship on the Sogeram and Ramu Rivers. Seminar, Divine Word University. Madang, Papua New Guinea. May 2012 How to Document Kinship Systems. International Workshop on Language Preservation. Goroka, Papua New Guinea. December 2011 Complex Coordination in Diachrony: Clause Coalescence in Papua New Guinea. Seminar, The Cairns Institute, James Cook University. Cairns, Australia. July 2011 Drift as Discourse Frequency: From Medial Clause to Final Clause in Papua New Guinea. 20th International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Osaka, Japan. July 2011 I’m You and You’re Her: From First to Second and Second to Third Person in New Guinea. 20th International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Osaka, Japan. July 2011 The Papuan Situation. Invited discussion presentation, 20th International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Osaka, Japan. viii April 2011 Drift as Discourse Variation: Commands and Clause Chains in Papua New Guinea. Illinois Language and Linguistics Society 3. Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. April 2011 Scope and Templates: The History of Proto-Na-Dene *da̓-, *ya̓-, and *na-. 14th Workshop on American Indigenous Languages. Santa Barbara, California. November 2010 Adventures in Tashlhit Berber. UCSB Linguistics Department Colloquium Series (with Allison Adelman, Brendan Barnwell, Chris Donlay, and Stephanie Morse). Santa Barbara, California. November 2010 Doing Fieldwork in Papua New Guinea. Undergraduate Linguistics Club, UCSB. Santa Barbara, California.