Kobe University Repository : Thesis Application of the Whole School Development Approach on Rural Basic Education Schools in Yemen: Strengthening Partnerships among 学位論文題目 Schools, Communities and Local Education Offices(学校運営能力向上 Title アプローチのイエメン遠隔地における基礎教育学校への適用 : 学校、 地域コミュニティ、地方教育行政局間のパートナーシップ強化を目指 して) 氏名 Sakurai, Aiko Author 専攻分野 博士（学術） Degree 学位授与の日付 2007-09-25 Date of Degree 資源タイプ Thesis or Dissertation / 学位論文 Resource Type 報告番号 甲4089 Report Number 権利 Rights JaLCDOI URL http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/handle_kernel/D1004089 ※当コンテンツは神戸大学の学術成果です。無断複製・不正使用等を禁じます。著作権法で認められている範囲内で、適切にご利用ください。 PDF issue: 2021-10-04 Application of the Whole School Development Approach on Rural Basic Education Schools in Yemen: Strengthening Partnerships among Schools, Communities and Local Education Offices by Aiko Sakurai Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies Kobe University September 7, 2007 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background of the Country ............................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 Political Context ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 International Context .................................................................................................. 1 1.1.3 Socio-economic Context ............................................................................................ 2 1.2 Problem Statement ......................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Objectives of the Study .................................................................................................. 8 1.4 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................... 8 1.5 Organization of the Study .............................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Educational Decentralization ....................................................................................... 11 2.1.1 Background .............................................................................................................. 11 2.1.2 Definition and Typology of Decentralization .......................................................... 12 2.1.3 Decentralized Educational Functions ....................................................................... 14 2.1.4 Benefits and Risks of Decentralization .................................................................... 15 2.2 Defining the Whole School Development (WSD) ....................................................... 16 2.2.1 Application of WSD in Developing Countries......................................................... 17 2.2.2 Experiences of Other Countries ............................................................................... 19 2.3 Community Partnerships in Education ........................................................................ 21 2.3.1 Partnerships in Education since the 1990s ............................................................... 21 2.3.2 Degree of Community Partnerships in Education .................................................... 23 2.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 3: Application of Whole School Development Approach in Yemen ....................... 27 3.1 Decentralized System in Yemen .................................................................................. 27 3.1.1 Framework and Progress of Educational Decentralization in Yemen ...................... 28 3.2 Whole School Development in Yemen ........................................................................ 31 3.2.1 Selection Criteria of Districts and Schools .............................................................. 32 3.2.2 Diversified Environment by District ........................................................................ 33 3.2.3 Implementation Mechanism ..................................................................................... 34 3.2.4 Supporting Mechanism ............................................................................................ 35 3.2.5 Implemented Activities ............................................................................................ 37 3.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 4: Research Methods ................................................................................................ 41 4.1 Analytical Framework.................................................................................................. 41 4.2 Hypotheses ................................................................................................................... 43 4.3 JICA-BRIDGE Project as a Case Study ...................................................................... 47 4.4 Data and Information Collection .................................................................................. 47 Chapter 5: Results .................................................................................................................. 53 5.1 WSD Activities to Improve Access and Equity of Basic Education ............................ 53 5.1.1 Improved Physical Infrastructures of Schools.......................................................... 53 5.1.2 Increased Number of Teachers ................................................................................. 55 5.1.3 Increased Number of Students’ Enrollment ............................................................. 57 5.1.4 Improved Equity ....................................................................................................... 61 5.2 WSD Activities to Improve the Quality of Basic Education ....................................... 63 5.2.1 School Improvement Activities that Contribute to Improving Quality .................... 63 5.2.2 Contract Teachers’ Qualifications ............................................................................ 64 5.2.3 Heavy Dependence on the Contract Teachers .......................................................... 66 5.2.4 Head Teachers’ Profile ............................................................................................. 67 5.2.5 Head Teachers’ Leadership and Management Capabilities ..................................... 69 5.3 Capacity Development of the DEOs through Supporting the WSD ............................ 73 5.3.1 District Education Office (DEO) .............................................................................. 73 5.3.2 Profile of DEO Teams to Support WSD Activities .................................................. 76 5.3.3 DEO’s Competencies ............................................................................................... 79 5.4 Community Participation in Implementation of WSD Activities ................................ 81 5.4.1 Changes in the Community’s Attitude towards School ........................................... 81 5.4.2 Relationship between Community Participation and Head Teacher ........................ 84 Chapter 6: Discussion and Conclusion .................................................................................. 95 6.1 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 95 6.2 Limitations of the Study ............................................................................................... 98 6.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 98 6.4 Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 102 Reference ................................................................................................................................... 107 List of Tables Table 1.1: Key NBEDS Outcomes 2006-2010 …………………………….. ……………… 4 Table 1.2: Comparison of Resources for Education between GCC and Yemen…………… 4 Table 1.3: Primary Education Indicators in Yemen and GCC Countries…………………… 5 Table 2.1: School-level Decisions to be Decentralized…………………………. ………… 14 Table 3.1: Tasks of the Institutional and Modernization Task Force under BEDS………… 30 Table 3.2: List of the 59 Pilot Schools……………………………………………………… 33 Table 3.3: Roles and Responsibilities of GEOs and DEOs in Year 2……………………… 37 Table 3.4: Comparison of School Pilot Activities Between Year 1 and Year 2……..……… 38 Table 4.1: List of School Visits……………………………………………………………… 49 Table 4.2: List of Interviewees…………………………………………..…………………… 50 Table 4.3: Components of Baseline Survey……………………………..…………..……..… 50 Table 4.4: Sample Size of Questionnaire Surveys……………………..……….…..……….. 51 Table 4.5: Criteria Used for DEO’s School Evaluation……………………..………………. 51 Table 5.1: Number of Classrooms at the 59 Pilot Schools…………………..……..…………53 Table 5.2: Demands for Classrooms at the 59 Pilot Schools…………………..…..………… 54 Table 5.3: Number of Schools by Offered Classes as of January 2007………..……..……… 54 Table 5.4: Number of Contract Teachers………..…………………………………..………...55 Table 5.5: Contract Teachers in Year 2……………………………………………..……….