NPS Form 10-900-b OMBNo. 1024-0018 (June 1991) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information. For additional space, use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items. X New Submission __Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing___________________________________________ Lassen Volcanic National Park Multiple Property Listing___________________________________ B. Associated Historic Contexts______________________________________________ (Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.) Overland Emigration, Lassen Region (ca. 1849-ca. 1869) Extractive Industry and Permanent Settlement, Lassen region (ca. 1850-1916) Geologic Studies (Volcanology), Mount Lassen (1863-1953) Tourism and Recreation, Lassen region (ca. 1860-1916) National Park Service Administration, Lassen Volcanic National Park (1916-1953) C. Form Prepared by___________________________________________________ name/title Ann Emmons, Historian; Ted Catton, Historian organization date Historical Research Associates, Inc. February 2004 street & number telephone P.O. Box 7086 (406)721-1958 city or town Missoula state Montana zip code 59807-7086 D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60 and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. ([ ] See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature and title of certifying official Date National Park Service State or Federal agency and bureau I hereby certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register. Signature of the /Kg ype/ Dat/of Action Name of Multiple Property Listing State Lassen Volcanic National Park Multiple Property Listing_______________________________________California________________ Table of Contents for Written Narrative Provide the following information on continuation sheets. Cite the letter and the title before each section of the narrative. Assign page numbers according to the instructions for continuation sheets in How to Complete Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 1.6B). Fill in page numbers for each section in the space below. Page Numbers E. Statement of Historic Contexts Introduction 1_2 Overland Emigration (ca. 1849-ca. 1869) 2-8 Extractive Industry and Permanent Settlement (ca. 1850-1916) 029 Geological Studies (Volcanology) (1863-1953) 29_38 Tourism and Recreation (ca. 1860-1916) QQ _ A. A. National Park Service Administration (1916-1953) 44-73 F. Associated Property Types 73-83 G. Geographical Data 84 H. Summary of Identification and Evaluation Methods 84 I. Major Bibliographical References 85-90 Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing of determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including the time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. NFS FORM 10-800-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number E: Statement of Historic Contexts Page 1 Introduction Rising 10,457 feet above sea level, Lassen Peak in northeastern California marks the southern edge of the Cascade Range. It lies within a region of tertiary lava flow that includes not only northeastern California but also portions of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Nevada. The massive, snow-covered peak is the southernmost volcano in the series that includes Mounts Baker, Rainier, Hood, and St. Helens. Lassen Volcanic National Park encompasses 106,372 acres, situated primarily in southwestern Lassen County and southeastern Shasta County, California but also incorporating parts of Plumas and Tehama counties. In addition to evidence of volcanic activity, the park offers its visitors beautiful vistas of Mount Shasta to the northwest and of the Sierra Nevada to the southeast. On May 6, 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt established Cinder Cone and Lassen Peak National Monuments, in recognition of the region's geological interest and recreational value. On May 30, 1914, Lassen Peak in northern California's Shasta County erupted with a roar and a tall plume of ash that captured newspaper headlines and attracted scientific attention from across the nation. This explosion began an eruptive phase of the volcano that would climax one year later and finally subside in 1921. Two years after its awakening, in August 1916, Lassen Peak and the surrounding area were designated Lassen Volcanic National Park in recognition of the mountain's status as the only active volcano in the continental United States. The new park encompassed not only the blackened cone of Lassen Peak itself but also a weird volcanic landscape of ancient volcanoes and active thermal areas. The region is heavily timbered with lush summer range beyond the timber line, prone to deep snow, and largely void of mineral wealth. It is also spectacularly beautiful and pleasantly cool in the summer months when the nearby Sacramento and Central Valleys of California are unpleasantly hot. These characteristics all defined the park's cultural history. Significant historic use patterns within the boundaries of Lassen Volcanic National Park include tribal use; exploration, settlement and resource extraction; the development of the recreation and resort industries in the state; and the growth and refinement of a recognized National Park Service architectural tradition and conservation ethic. Each discrete land use and era of development resulted in physical impacts to the natural environment. Yet, in reflection of the park's rugged topography, isolation, and extreme climate - all of which encouraged native and emigrant inhabitants to migrate to more hospitable climates each winter - these cultural resources are relatively rare. Administrators of the nascent park, charged with development of visitor services, described a virtual "blank slate." This paucity of resources also mirrored the politics of park designation and of proposed boundary expansion: to a large extent, park boundaries reflected the difficulty of conserving land known or believed to carry a higher economic value if exploited to its fullest timber, livestock, farming, or real-estate potential. In 1939, a committee studying the advisability of park expansion wrote "the local public [considers] the present boundaries of Lassen Volcanic National Park ... generally satisfactory, since they encompass no areas of any great value as grazing, hunting, or timber land." Lassen Volcanic National Park presented a virtually blank slate because it had been carved from largely inaccessible land promising no great wealth. Extant cultural resources within the park largely reflect these historic land-use trends. Today Lassen Volcanic National Park contains cultural resources associated with overland migration, mining, homesteading, recreation, geological studies, and National Park Service administration. These themes are detailed below, with focus on the impact of development upon the land and the characteristics of the built environment associated with each theme. Those themes of which surviving cultural manifestations are unlikely - including the fur trade, exploration, and overland migration - are not detailed in the following management document: extant resources are so rare or unlikely that comparative analysis of shared characteristics and integrity is not possible (for example, resources associated with the fur trade). Prehistoric and ethnographic resources are addressed in a separate Ethnographic Resource Study. NFS FORM 10-800-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number E: Statement of Historic Contexts Page 2 Four Native American Tribes - the Atsugewi, Yani, Yahi, and Maidu - once traditionally used the area now formally designated as Lassen Volcanic National Park. Because