SEXUAL CRIME Selected Titles in ABC-CLIO’s CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES Series American Families in Crisis, Jeffrey S. Turner Campaign and Election Reform, Glenn H. Utter and Ruth Ann Strickland Chemical and Biological Warfare, Al Mauroni Childhood Sexual Abuse, Karen L. Kinnear Climate Change, David L. Downie, Kate Brash, and Catherine Vaughan Corporate Crime, Richard D. Hartley Domestic Violence, Margi Laird McCue Education in Crisis, Judith A. Gouwens Emergency Management, Jeffrey B. Bumgarner Energy Use Worldwide, Jaina L. Moan and Zachary A. Smith Environmental Justice, David E. Newton Food Safety, Nina E. Redman Gangs, Karen L. Kinnear Globalization, Justin Ervin and Zachary A. Smith Lobbying in America, Ronald J. Hrebenar and Bryson B. Morgan Mainline Christians and U.S. Public Policy, Glenn H. Utter Mental Health in America, Donna R. Kemp Modern Sports Ethics, Angela Lumpkin Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation, Sarah J. Diehl and James Clay Moltz Obesity, Judith Stern and Alexandra Kazaks Policing in America, Leonard A. Steverson Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources, Zachary A. Smith and Katrina D. Taylor Rich and Poor in America, Geoffrey Gilbert Sentencing, Dean John Champion U.S. National Security, Cynthia A. Watson U.S. Social Security, Steven G. Livingston Waste Management, Jacqueline Vaughn For a complete list of titles in this series, please visit www.abc-clio.com. Books in the Contemporary World Issues series address vital issues in today’s society, such as genetic engineering, pollution, and biodiversity. Written by professional writers, scholars, and nonacademic experts, these books are authoritative, clearly written, up-to-date, and objective. They provide a good starting point for research by high school and college students, scholars, and general readers as well as by legislators, businesspeople, activists, and others. Each book, carefully organized and easy to use, contains an overview of the subject, a detailed chronology, biographical sketches, facts and data and/or documents and other primary- source material, a directory of organizations and agencies, annotated lists of print and nonprint resources, and an index. Readers of books in the Contemporary World Issues series will find the information they need to have a better understanding of the social, political, environmental, and economic issues facing the world today. This page intentionally left blank SEXUAL CRIME A Reference Handbook Caryn E. Neumann CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Neumann, Caryn E., 1965- Sexual crime : a reference handbook / Caryn E. Neumann. p. cm. — (Contemporary world issues) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59884-177-0 (print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-59884-178-7 (ebook : alk. paper) 1. Sex crimes. I. Title. HV6556.N48 2009 364.15'3—dc22 2009043177 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents Preface, xvii 1 Background and History, 1 History of Sexual Assault , 2 Sexual Assault in the 17th Century , 2 Sexual Assault in the 18th Century , 3 Sexual Assault in the 19th Century , 7 Sexual Assault in the 20th Century , 10 Sexual Assault Myths , 13 Sexual Crime Categories , 16 Campus Rape , 16 Child Rape , 17 Date Rape/Acquaintance Rape , 17 Forcible Rape , 18 Foreign-Object Rape , 18 Gang Rape , 19 Homosexual Rape , 19 Incest , 21 Interracial Rape , 22 Marital Rape , 22 Prison Rape , 23 Secondary Rape , 23 Serial Rape and Serial Rapists , 24 Statutory Rape , 26 Conclusion , 27 Further Reading , 27 2 Issues, Controversies, and Problems , 29 Victims , 29 Rape Myth Acceptance , 29 vii viii Contents Who is Likely to Be Raped? , 31 Male Victims , 33 Victims of Same-Sex Rape , 34 Attackers , 35 Rape Myth Acceptance , 35 Student Athletes , 37 Fraternities , 39 Clergy , 40 Stranger Rape , 40 Female Sex Offenders , 41 After the Attack , 43 Providing Rape Services to Victims , 43 Providing Help for Raped and Battered Wives , 45 Mental Health , 46 Treating Male Victims of Sexual Assault , 48 Law Enforcement , 49 Arrests for Rape , 49 Mistrust of Law Enforcement , 50 Police Sexual Misconduct , 52 Rape Kits , 53 Judicial System , 55 Rape Shield Laws , 55 Prosecution Challenges , 56 Prohibiting Rape , 58 Correctional System , 58 Prison Rape , 58 Sex Offender Residency Laws , 59 Sex Offender Registration , 61 Stopping Repeat Sexual Offenders , 63 Medical Treatment of Offenders , 65 Conclusion , 68 Further Reading , 68 3 Worldwide Perspectives , 73 Africa , 74 Rape, 74 Rape as a War Crime , 76 Child Sexual Abuse , 77 Wife Rape , 78 Femicide , 78 Asia , 79 Rape , 79 Contents ix Wife Rape , 80 Gang Rape , 80 Rape as a War Crime , 80 Child Sexual Abuse , 82 Sex Trafficking , 84 Europe , 88 Rape , 88 Sex Trafficking , 90 Gang Rape , 91 Latin America , 92 Rape , 92 Wife Rape , 94 Religion and Sexual Assault , 95 Rape as a War Crime , 96 Rape as a Hate Crime , 97 Sex Trafficking , 98 Conclusion , 98 Further Reading , 99 4 Chronology , 101 5 Biographies , 123 Paul Martin Andrews , 123 Joanne Archambault , 124 Barbara Blaine , 125 Yosef Blau , 126 Carol Bohmer , 127 Stephen Donaldson , 127 Mark Dratch , 129 Susan Estrich , 130 Bakira Hasecic, 131 Mukhtar Mai , 132 Betty Makoni , 133 Somaly Mam , 134 Trisha Meili , 136 Florence Mumba , 137 Victoria Polin , 138 Kathy Redmond , 139 Jill Saward , 140 Russell Dan Smith , 142 Sandyawan Sumardi , 143 John Walsh , 144 x Contents Laura X , 145 Further Reading , 146 6 Data and Documents , 149 Historical Data , 149 19th-Century Data , 149 Record for the Year 1892 , 150 Wartime Rapes , 150 Current U.S. Military Policy on Rape , 151 Prostitution , 154 Child Prostitution , 154 Male Prostitution , 155 Violent Sexual Criminals , 156 Sex Offender Data , 156 Victim Data , 157 Relationship Between Victim and Attacker , 158 Violent Sexual Crimes Against Persons Age 65 or Older, 1993–2002 , 159 Sexual Crime on Campus, 159 Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics , 161 Prison Rape , 167 Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 , 167 Sexual Victimization of Prisoners in Local Jails Reported by Inmates, 2007 , 188 Rates of Forcible Rape Nationwide , 188 Further Reading , 202 7 Directory of Organizations , 203 Abused Deaf Women’s Advocacy Services (ADWAS) , 203 AdvocateWeb , 203 Association for Women’s Self-Defense Advancement (AWSDA), 204 Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers , 204 American Civil Liberties Union , 205 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) , 205 American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC) , 206 Campus Outreach Services , 206 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , 206 Contents xi Center for Sex Offender Management (CSOM) , 207 Childhelp USA , 207 Clan Star, Inc. , 208 Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking (CAST) , 208 Community United Against Violence , 208 Coordinadora Paz para la Mujer, Inc. [Coordinating Peace for the Woman] , 209 COYOTE and St. James Infirmary , 209 Faith Trust Institute , 210 Federal Bureau of Investigation , 210 Feminist Majority Foundation , 210 Gift From Within , 211 Hamilton Fish Institute on School and Community Violence , 211 Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse and Violence Prevention , 211 Human Rights Watch , 212 IAFN Sexual Assault Forensic Examination Technical Assistance (SAFE TA) , 212 Illusion Theatre , 212 IMPACT International , 213 Incite! Women of Color Against Violence , 213 International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) , 214 International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN) , 214 Legal Momentum , 214 Male Survivor (formerly National Organization on Male Sexual Victimization) , 215 Men Can Stop Rape , 215 Mending the Sacred Hoop , 215 Miles Foundation, Inc. , 215 National Alliance to End Sexual Violence , 216 National Association of Counsel for Children , 216 National Black Women’s Health Imperative , 216 National Center for Higher Education Risk Management (NCHERM) , 217 National Center for Injury Prevention and Control , 217 National Center for Missing & Exploited Children , 217 National Center for Prosecution of Child Abuse , 218 National Center for Victims of Crime , 218 National Center for Women & Policing , 218 National Center on Elder Abuse , 218 National Children’s Alliance , 219 xii Contents National Children’s Advocacy Center , 219 National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse & Neglect Information , 220 National Clearinghouse on Marital and Date Rape , 220 National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 220 National Coalition of Anti-Violence Projects , 220 National Coalition for the Protection of Children & Families (NCPCF) , 221 National Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse , 221 National Council on Child Abuse and Family Violence (NCCAFV) , 221 National Crime Victim Law Institute , 221 National Crime Victims Research & Treatment Center , 222 National Indian Child Welfare Association (NICWA) , 222 National