REACTIVATE YOUR SOIL: Sustainable Improvement of Plant Growth JT Jaeger, Sustainable Viticulture Specialist Guest: Dr. Martina Broggio, BluAgri January 10, 2018 WEBINAR OVERVIEW . 45 minute presentation with 15 minute Q&A at the end . Please hold all questions until after the presentation . Have a pen and paper handy for notes . Recording in progress! . Downloadable content THE SOIL MICROBIOME: Interactions and Effects on the Grapevine Dr. Martina Broggio 10/01/2019 The Soil Microbiome Interactions and Effects on the Grapevine . How many are there? . Where do you find them? . DNA sequencing . Functions of PGPR . The microbial loop . Key role in water stress . Technical considerations In general: how many are there? 2-3 kg of microorganisms in our body 1.6-2 Tons/ac of microorganisms in the soil The Soil Microbiome: How Many and Where? DNA Sequencing: Fungi and Bacteria in the Soil Data analysis by next generation sequencing University of Padova – Prof. Squartini 56,046 species (fungi and bacteria) Functions of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) . Production of growth hormones and volatile substances; . Stress reduction: in water excess they contribute to the degradation of ethylene produced by the root (enzyme ACC); . Nitrogen fixation; . Phosphorus solubilization; . Chelation of Fe3+(production of Syderophores); . Release of nutrients from organic substances. Source: ‘Vine and Wine Microorganisms’ by Raffaele Guzzon and Ilaria Pertot The Microbial Loop: Secondary Root Production SECONDARY ROOT PRODUCTION: ROOT EXUDATES «LATERALIZATION» PRODUCTION: GLUCOSE, SYMPLE SUGARS, STARCHES PROTOZOA AND AMOEBA EAT THE BACTERIA NUTRIENT RELEASE NUTRIENTS FOR BACTERIA BACTERIAL DEATH The Key Role of Endophytes to Water Stress 174 CTR 83 Source: 2013 - Zottini, Baldan et al. Water stress: Measure of the Relative Water Content (RWC) Under culture conditions that induce water stress, RWC values ​​in non-inoculated plants decrease significantly, whereas plants inoculated with bacteria remained constant with respect to optimal culture conditions. The photosynthetic metabolism of plants inoculated with Pantoea agglomerans is more efficient under water stress conditions. Technical Considerations: Soil is Losing its Fertility LOW O.M. HIGH O.M. Technical Considerations: Soil is Losing its Fertility . SOIL IS ALIVE AND WITH CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS WE ARE DAMAGING THE MICROBIOME; . BY USING CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS WE DON’T INCREASE SOIL FERTILITY, BUT INSTEAD INCREASE SALINITY WHICH DAMAGES THE MICROBIOME AND IT’S STRUCTURE; . 1 GRAM OF SOIL CONTAINS HUNDREDS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES (WHY INOCULATE ONLY SOME OF THEM?); . IT’S A LOOP! ORGANIC SUBSTANCES AND ROOT EXUDATES ARE FUNDAMENTAL FOR THE NUTRITION OF BOTH THE BACTERIA AND THE PLANT (IN THIS CASE THE GRAPEVINE). REACTIVATE YOUR SOIL: Sustainable Improvement of Plant Growth JT Jaeger, Sustainable Viticulture Specialist AGENDA 2018 California Field Trials . Introduction to BluVite . Trial Overview . Effects on the Canopy . Effects on the Clusters . Effects on the Juice . Effects on the Wine . Effects on the Roots . Examples from Italy . Trial Summary INTRODUCTION TO BLUVITE Concept Summary . Biological diversity is essential to proper functionality of the soil . Human-induced alterations to soil can lead to an imbalance in the availability of nutrients . BluVite is intended to increase the soils capacity to function within a managed ecosystem by facilitating the microbiome . BluVite is not a living product INTRODUCTION TO BLUVITE Directions for Use and Timing of Application . Comes in a powdered formulation and must be thoroughly mixed in water . Sprayed under the row (with low volume tank), obtaining uniform covering of the soil . Applied at two targeted growth stages: . Bud break . Beginning of Flowering . Application rate: 16.5 lbs/ acre at the two targeted growth stages . Application volume: . 22 to 28 gallons/ac (wetter soil) . 65 to 86 gallons/ac (dryer soil) TRIAL OVERVIEW Overview of 2018 California Field Trials Types of field measurements and observations . Types of measurements include: . Leaf and petiole measurements . Shoot length and diameter . SPAD . Cluster weights . Berry weights . Juice analysis . Wine analysis . Visual observations . Internode spacing . Water stress symptoms . Root growth differences (nursery trials) . All canopy and cluster measurements were taken from the primary shoot EFFECTS ON THE CANOPY Leaf and Petiole Observations 06/06/2018, Cabernet Sauvignon, Adelaida District AVA, CA Growth stage: Berry Set (80 to 100%) . Samples were taken from the 3rd leaf (from the bottom) of the primary shoot . Measured petiole/ leaf diameter and leaf thickness . Visual observations of size and color of the leaves EFFECTS ON THE CANOPY Shoot and Tendril Observations 06/08/2018, Mourvédre, Madera AVA, CA Growth stage: Berry Set (80 to 100%) . The ends of the shoot were observed (the top 7 internodes) . Observations include tendril development and internode spacing EFFECTS ON THE CANOPY Shoot and Tendril Observations 06/08/2018, Mourvédre, Madera AVA, CA Growth stage: Berry Set (80 to 100%) EFFECTS ON THE CANOPY Shoot and SPAD Measurements 06/08/2018, Mourvédre, Madera AVA, CA Growth stage: Berry Set (80 to 100%) EFFECTS ON THE CANOPY Distribution of Shoot Measurements 06/06/2018, Cabernet Sauvignon, Adelaida District AVA, CA Growth stage: Berry Set (80 to 100%) . The overall distribution of shoot length and diameter to assess uniformity EFFECTS ON THE CANOPY Distribution of Shoot Observations 06/06/2018, Cabernet Sauvignon, Adelaida District AVA, CA Growth stage: Berry Set (80 to 100%) POLL QUESTION EFFECTS ON THE CLUSTERS Berry Set Observations 06/08/2018, Mourvédre, Madera AVA, CA Growth stage: Berry Set (80 to 100%) . Observed the uniformity of fruit set across clusters . Observed the size and uniformity of berry formation within clusters EFFECTS ON THE CLUSTERS Cluster Observations 09/10/2018, Carbernet Sauvignon, Red Hills AVA, CA Growth stage: Post-veraison (25 days after) EFFECTS ON THE CLUSTERS Cluster Measurements 09/10/2018, Carbernet Sauvignon, Red Hills AVA, CA Growth stage: Post-veraison (25 days after) Water Total Berry Weight Cluster Treatment Content Phenolics (g) Weight (g) (%) (AU/g) BluVite Red 0.95 156 70.4 163 Control 0.89 153 71.0 160 (Standard) EFFECTS ON THE JUICE Juice Analysis: pH and Potassium Overview: all varietals and all trials in California Growth Stage: 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks post-veraison pH K+ 2.0 . Measured the pH and 3.8 1.9 potassium (K) concentrations of 1.8 3.6 the juice 1.7 3.4 1.6 1.5 pH g/L 3.2 . K concentrations in the juice 1.4 1.3 are principally responsible for 3.0 the pH of wine after 1.2 2.8 1.1 fermentation 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Weeks After Veraison Weeks After Veraison Control BluVite Red Control BluVite Red EFFECTS ON THE JUICE Juice Analysis: Anthocyanins Overview: all varietals and all trials in California Growth Stage: 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks post-veraison Anthocyanins Anthocyanins/ berry . Measured anthocyanin 1.9 2 concentrations and the 1.7 1.8 concentration of anthocyanins/ 1.6 g 1.5 - g 3 - - 3 berry - 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 mg/g mg/g Malvidin . Anthocyanin concentrations are mg/g Malvidin 1 0.9 the main source of 0.8 pigmentation in red wine 0.7 0.6 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Weeks After Veraison Weeks After Veraison Control BluVite Red Control BluVite Red EFFECTS ON THE WINE Wine Analysis: Anthocyanins Preliminary Results: Cabernet Sauvignon, Adelaida District AVA, CA . Measured bound anthocyanins Bound Treatment Anthocyanins Tannins (ppm) and tannins after malolactic (ppm) fermentation BluVite Red 291 1448 . Differences in the ‘softness’ of berry skins Control 219 1456 (Standard) **Data Courtesy of Daou Vineyards and Winery EFFECTS ON THE ROOTS Root Growth Observations 07/10/2018, Nursery Trials, North Coast, CA EXAMPLES FROM ITALY Long Term Effects on Clusters Harvest 2017, Garganega, Corte Mainente, Soave, Italy EXAMPLES FROM ITALY Water Stress Observations 08/09/2018, Colli Berici, Vicenza, Italy . A total of 185 vines were selected for this study . The presence or absence of water stress symptoms in basal leaves was recorded for each vine . Post-veraison water stress can lead to a decrease in production TRIAL SUMMARY Summary of Measurements and Observations . Longer average shoot length and larger average shoot diameter . Overall shoot length and shoot diameter was more uniform across vines with fewer shorter and thinner shoots . Increased SPAD (photosynthetic activity) and the diameter and thickness of visual leaf area was noticeably larger . More uniform and ‘fuller’ canopy within and across vines . More even fruit set per vine and less variation in fruit set between vines, with fewer ‘shot’ berries . Provides more even veraison . An increase in cluster weights and berry weights . Decrease in potassium (K) levels in grape juice . Increase in phenolic composition and extractability, with a focus on increases of anthocyanins in juice Thank you for your participation! • Downloadable Materials • Survey • Q&A • Promotion for 2019 JT Jaeger [email protected] (707) 837-3407 www.enartis.com Dr. Martina Broggio Technical Director_BluAgri srl [email protected].