Contents This anthology includes extensive additional material on an accompanying website at www.wiley.com/go/victorianliterature. The table of contents lists items that appear in the book as well as those which are available online. All online materials are marked with the web icon: List of Plates and Illustrations xlii Preface xlv Abbreviations li List of Web Plates and Illustrations xlii Preface xliii Abbreviations xlix Introduction 1 Victorian Representations and Misrepresentations 1 “The Terrific Burning” 2 The Battle of the Styles 3 “The Best of Times, the Worst of Times” 4 Demographics and Underlying Fears 5 Power, Industry,COPYRIGHTED and the High Cost of Bread and MATERIAL Beer 5 The Classes and the Masses 7 The Dynamics of Gender 8 Religion and the Churches 9 Political Structures 11 Empire 12 Genres and Literary Hierarchies 12 The Fine Arts and Popular Entertainment 13 Revolutions in Mass Media and the Expansion of Print Culture 17 0002169281.INDD 7 9/25/2014 4:55:00 AM viii Part One Contexts 19 The Condition of England 21 Contents Introduction 21 1. The Victorian Social Formation 27 Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1803–73): Pelham (1828) 27 From Chapter 1 27 William Cobbett (1763–1835): From Rural Rides (1830) 3 Victoria (1819–1901): From Letters (20 June, 1837) [“I am Queen”] 4 Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): Chartism (1840) 29 From Chapter 1: “Condition-of-England Question” 29 Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): Past and Present (1843) 30 From Book I, Chapter 1: “Midas” 30 Benjamin Disraeli (1804–81): Sybil (1845) 32 From Book 2, Chapter 5 [The Two Nations] 32 Friedrich Engels (1820–95): The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 (1845) 6 From Chapter 2: “The Great Towns” [Manchester slums] 6 Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–65): Mary Barton (1848): “Preface” 8 Henry Mayhew (1812–87): London Labour and the London Poor (1851) 9 From Volume 1: “Statement of a Prostitute” 9 Walter Bagehot (1826–77): The English Constitution (1867) 11 From Chapter 2: “The Pre-Requisites of Cabinet Government” 11 From Chapter 3: “The Monarchy” 11 George Cruikshank (1792–1878): The British Bee Hive. Process engraving (1867) 34 Matthew Arnold (1822–88): Culture and Anarchy (1869) 35 From III [Chapter 3: “Barbarians, Philistines, Populace”] 35 Ada Nield Chew (1870–1945): “A Living Wage for Factory Girls at Crewe”(1894) 12 Eliza Davis Aria (1866–1931): “My Lady’s Evening in London” in Living London (1901–3) 14 2. Education and Mass Literacy 37 Statistical Society of London: “Newspapers and Other Publications in Coffee, Public, and Eating Houses” (1839) 16 0002169281.INDD 8 9/25/2014 4:55:00 AM ix Illustrated London News (1842): From “Our Address” 37 Illustrated London News (1843): Dedicatory Sonnet 39 Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815–81): Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold, D.D. (1844) 39 From “Letter of Inquiry for a Master” by Thomas Arnold (1795–1842) 39 Contents From “Letter to a Master on his Appointment” 40 William Wordsworth (1770–1850): “Illustrated Books and Newspapers” (1846) 40 Anon. [Thomas Peckett Prest (?) (1810–59)]: “The String of Pearls: A Romance” (1846–47) 41 From Chapter 38 [Sweeney Todd] 41 From Chapter 39 42 The Society for Promoting Working Men’s Associations: “Lectures for April, 1853” 43 Charles Dickens (1812–70): Hard Times (1854) 44 Chapter 1: “The One Thing Needful” 44 Thomas Hughes (1822–96): Tom Brown’s Schooldays (1857) 17 From Part 1, Chapter 8: “A War of Independence” 17 Elizabeth Rigby, Lady Eastlake (1809–93): From “The Englishwoman at School” (July 1878) 45 3. Progress, Industrialization, and Reform 18 Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–59): From “[Review of] Sir Thomas More; or Colloquies on the Progress and Prospects of Society” (1830) 18 Ebenezer Elliott (1781–1849): Song [“Child, is thy father dead?”] (1831) 20 John Grimshaw (dates unknown): “The Hand-Loom Weaver’s Lament” (1835?) 21 [Anon.] “The Factory Workers’ Song” (1842) 22 Charles Dickens (1812–1870): Dombey and Son (1848) 24 From Chapter 6 “Paul’s Second Deprivation” [The Coming of the Railroad] 24 Albert, Prince Consort (1819–61): From Speech at the Lord Mayor’s Banquet (1850) [On the Great Exhibition] 26 Charlotte Brontë (1816–55): Three Letters on the Great Exhibition (1851) 28 To Patrick Brontë (30 May). 28 To Patrick Brontë (7 June) 28 To Miss Wooler (14 July) 29 Edward Sloan (1830–74): “The Weaver’s Triumph” (1854) 29 Charles Kingsley (1819–75): From “Cheap Clothes and Nasty” (1850) 31 Ford Madox Brown (1821–93): From The Exhibition of Work, and other Paintings by Ford Madox Brown (1865) 32 Sonnet 33 0002169281.INDD 9 9/25/2014 4:55:00 AM x John Ruskin (1819–1900): The Crown of Wild Olive (1866) 36 From “Traffic” 36 Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): From Shooting Niagara: and After? (1867) 37 Contents Coventry Patmore (1823–96): From “1867” (1877) 38 George Eliot (1819–80): From “Address to Working Men, by Felix Holt” (1868) 39 Matthew Arnold (1822–88): Culture and Anarchy 40 From [“Conclusion”] 40 Thomas Given (1850–1917): “The Weaver Question” ([1878?] 1900 41 Joseph Skipsey (1832–1903) 43 “Get Up!” 43 Mother Wept 43 Willy to Jinny 44 C. Duncan Lucas (dates unknown): From “Scenes from Factory London” in Living London (1901–3) 44 4. Working-Class Voices 45 “Marcus”: The Book of Murder! (1838) 45 From “To the Reader of the Following Diabolical Work” 45 John Smithson (fl. 1830s): “Working Men’s Rhymes—No. 1” (1838) 48 T. B. Smith (fl. 1830s–1840s): “The Wish” (1839) 49 Charles Davlin (c.1804–c.1860): “On a Cliff which O’erhung” (1839) 50 National Charter Association Membership Card (c.1843) 53 Ernest Jones (1819–69): “Our Trust” (1848) 54 Charles Fleming (1804–57): “Difficulties of Appearing in Print” (1850) 55 William Billington (1825–84): “Gerald Massey” (1861) 57 Thomas Cooper (1805–92): The Life of Thomas Cooper Written by Himself (1872) 57 From Chapter 24 57 Thomas Cooper (1805–92): “Chartist Song” (1877) 59 5. Pollution, Protection, and Preservation 61 Robert Southey (1774–1843): Sir Thomas More; or, Colloquies on the Progress and Prospects of Society (1829) 61 From Colloquy 7, Part 2 61 Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–59): From “[Review of] Sir Thomas More; or Colloquies on the Progress and Prospects of Society” (1830) 63 William Youatt (1776–1847): The Obligation and Extent of Humanity to Brutes (1839) 64 From “The Repositories” 64 John Stuart Mill (1806–73): The Principles of Political Economy (1848) 65 From Book 4, Chapter 6 65 Marion Bernstein (1846–1906) 66 0002169281.INDD 10 9/25/2014 4:55:00 AM xi “A Song of Glasgow Town” (1876) 66 “Manly Sports” (1876) 67 Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell (1857–1941): Pigsticking or Hoghunting (1889) 68 Contents From Chapter 1 “Pigsticking Is Introduced” 68 From Chapter 5 “Comparisons” [of pigsticking and fox-hunting] 69 From Chapter 11 “Powers of the Pig” 69 Gender, Women, and Sexuality 49 Introduction 49 1. Constructing Genders 56 Kenelm Digby (1800–80): The Broad Stone of Honour: or, the True Sense and Practice of Chivalry ([1822] 1877) 56 From Part 1, Section 14: “Godefridus” 56 Sarah Stickney Ellis (1799–1872): The Daughters of England (1842) 57 From Chapter 1: “Important Inquiries” 57 From Chapter 9: “Friendship and Flirtation” 58 Sarah Stickney Ellis (1799–1872): The Mothers of England (1843) 70 From Chapter 10: “On the Training of Boys” 70 From Chapter 11: “On the Training of Girls” 71 Marion Kirkland Reid (c.1839–89): From A Plea for Woman (1843) 59 Richard Pilling (1799–1874): From “Defence at his Trial” (1843) 61 Anne Brontë (1820–49): The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) 72 From Chapter 33: “Two Evenings” 72 Isabella Beeton (1836–65): The Book of Household Management (1859–61) 62 From Chapter 1: “The Mistress” 62 Harriet Martineau (1802–76): From “Middle-Class Education in England: Boys” (1864) 73 Harriet Martineau (1802–76): From “Middle-Class Education in England: Girls” (1864) 75 John Ruskin (1819–1900): Sesame and Lilies (1862) 77 From “Of Queen’s Gardens” 77 Eliza Lynn Linton (1822–98): From “The Girl of the Period” in the Saturday Review (14 Mar. 1868) 65 Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936). “If—” (1910) 67 0002169281.INDD 11 9/25/2014 4:55:00 AM xii 2. The Woman Question 68 Sarah Stickney Ellis (1799–1872): The Women of England (1838) 68 From Chapter 2: “The Influence of the Women of England” 68 Harriet Taylor (1807–58): From “The Enfranchisement of Women” Contents in Westminster Review (July 1851) 70 Caroline Norton (1808–77): From A Letter to the Queen on Lord Chancellor Cranworth’s Marriage and Divorce Bill (1855) 71 Harriet Martineau (1802–76), Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), Josephine Butler (1828–1906), and others: “Manifesto” of “The Ladies’ National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts” in Daily News (31 Dec. 1869) 74 Margaret Oliphant (1828–97): From “[Review of] Mill’s Subjection of Women” (1869) 79 [Anon.] “The Woman of the Future: A Lay of the Oxford Victory” (1884) 81 Sarah Grand (1854–1943): From “The New Aspect of the Woman Question” in North American Review (Mar. 1894) 76 Sydney Grundy (1848–1914): The New Woman (1894) 78 From Act 1 78 Ouida [Marie Louise de la Ramée] (1839–1908): From “The New Woman” (1894) 82 3. Sex and Sexuality 84 Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–61) and Robert Browning (1812–89): From The Letters of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1898) 84 Letters of 1845–46 84 William Rathbone Greg (1809–81): From “Prostitution” (1850) 87 Hannah Cullwick (1833–1909): From Diaries (1863–73) 89 Arthur Joseph Munby (1828–1910): From Diaries (1873) 93 Thomas Hardy (1840–1928): Desperate Remedies (1871) 96 From Volume 1, Chapter 6: “The Events of Twelve Hours” 96 [Anon.] The Pearl: A Journal of Facetiæ and Voluptuous Reading (1879) 98 “An Apology for our Title” 98 W.