What the Middle Ages knew Romanesque Piero Scaruffi 2004 1 What the Modern Age knew • Regional art – The fragmented political nature of Europe is reflected in regional artistic styles 2 What the Modern Age knew • Sculpture – Wiligelmo (1100, Italy) – Benedetto Antalami (11xx, Italy) – Nicola Pisano (1212, Italy) – Arnolfo di Cambio (1231, Italy) – Giovanni Pisano (1248, Italy) – Jacopo della Quercia (1367, Italy) – Donatello (1386, Italy) 3 What the Modern Age knew Antelami: Ambo of Parma’s Duomo (1178) Pisano: Baptistery Pulpit, Pisa (1260) Nanni di Banco: Quattro Lorenzo Ghiberti: Gates of Santi Incoronati, Or San 4 Paradise, Battistero, Firenze Michele, Firenze (1384) What the Middle Ages knew • Sculpture Sant’Ambrogio, Milano (9th c) 5 What the Middle Ages knew • Sculpture Western portal, Chartres 6 What the Middle Ages knew • St Michael’s bronze doors, Hildesheim (1015) 7 What the Middle Ages knew • Architecture – Benedetto Antelami (1150, Italy) – Arnolfo di Cambio (1245, Italy) – Filippo Brunelleschi (1377, Italy) 8 What the Middle Ages knew • African Christian architecture – Lalibela: St George (12th c) 9 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – Carolingian renaissance • Carolingian emperors want to be heirs to the Roman emperors, thus build in the Roman manner – Imperial chapels a` la Ravenna » Harmony of square (Earth) and circle (Heaven) via the octagon » Same structure used in early baptisteries » Same structure of the Holy Sepulchre 10 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – Carolingian renaissance • Carolingian emperors want to be heirs to the Roman emperors, thus build in the Roman manner – Basilicas » Vast, plain rectangle » Rows of blind arcades » Three parallel aisles » Light wooden roof » Large windows for lighting 11 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – Carolingian renaissance • Feeling that contemporary culture is barbarian, and perfection can only be found in the styles of the past • Artists dream of reproducing the classical styles of Greece and Rome, not of innovating • Buildings for relatively small groups of people • Roman vaulted architecture as the model 12 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – Carolingian renaissance • Centula, St Riquier, France (799, destroyed) • Aachen cathedral (805) modeled after St Vitale • Germigny-des-Pres, France (806) • Lorsch (800) • Klosterkirche Niederzell, Reichenau (799) • Klosterkirche Mittelzell, Reichenau (888) • Klosterkirche Oberzell, Reichenau (900) • Corvey, France (880) • Quedlinburg (920) • Gernrode (960) • St Benigne, Dijon, France (1001) • St Philibert, Tournus, France (1009) • St Michael, Hildesheim (1001) 13 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – Carolingian renaissance • Centula, St Riquier, France (799, destroyed) 14 (from Hariulf's Chronicle) What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – Aachen Cappella Palatina (805) modeled after St Vitale (Reconstruction by Ken Conant Pelican History of Art) 15 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – Carolingian renaissance Lorsch gateway (800) 16 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – Carolingian renaissance St Michael, Hildesheim (1001) (Reconstruction by Ken Conant Pelican History of Art) 17 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – Byzantine churches: central dome surrounded by semidomes and other “round” forms – Monastery churches: modification of the Roman basilica with • transept crossing the nave (symbol of the cross), separating the choir (monks) and the nave (public) • altar as the focal point of the building • subaltars for individual monks in the transepts and in the apse/ambulatory • high windows for light 18 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – Pilgrimages (Compostela, Crusades) require buildings to accomodate thousands of pilgrims: radiating chapels 19 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – Imperial cathedrals (Kaiserdome) • Speyer cathedral (1030-60) • Mainz cathedral (975-1137) • Worms cathedral (XI-XIII) – Germany • Maria Laach (1093) • Tournai cathedral, Belgium (1110) • Limburg (1215) • Bamberg (1237) 20 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture • Mainz cathedral (975-1137) • Worms cathedral (XI-XIII) 21 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – France • Ste Foyes at Conques (1050) • St Sernin at Toulouse (1080) • Cluny III (1088-1121, destroyed) • Pontigny (1114) • Fontenay (1139) • Paray-le-Monial (1100) • Autun (1120-1135) • Vezelay (1104) • Orcival • La Trinite`, Caen (1062) • St Etienne, Caen (1068) 22 • Jumieges, Rouen (1052) What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – France • Cluny III (1088-1121, destroyed) Cramer & Koob (Reconstruction by Ken Conant 23 Pelican History of Art) What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – France • Vezelay (1104) 24 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – France • Fontenay (1139): Cistercian style 25 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – England 1066-1200 • Winchester cathedral (1079) • +Durham cathedral (1093) • Chichester cathedral • Worcester cathedral • Old St Paul’s cathedral, London (destroyed) • Norwich cathedral (1096) • Rochester cathedral • Gloucester cathedral (11th c) • Castle Hedingham, Essex (1140) 26 What the Middle Ages knew • Old St Paul’s cathedral, London (destroyed) 27 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – Spain • Santiago de Campostela (1078) • Santiago de Penalba (919) • S. Maria de Lebena (924) • Ripoll (1032) • Seo de Urgel (1131) • Tarragona cathedral (1171) • Lerida cathedral (1203) • Jaca cathedral (1054) • St Vicente, Avila (1109) • Zamora cathedral (1150) • Salamanca cathedral (1150) – Portugal • Tomar (1162) 28 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture – Spain • Santiago de Campostela (1078) (Reconstruction by Ken Conant Pelican History of Art) 29 What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque art in Italy – S. Miniato al Monte, Firenze (1062) – S. Ambrogio, Milano (1080) – S. Sigismondi, Rivolta d’Adda (1089) – S. Marco, Venezia (1094-XVII) – Duomo, Modena (1099-1323) – S. Zeno, Verona (1123-1398) – Campanile, Pomposa • Norman Italy – Battistero, Firenze (XII) – S. Nicola, Bari (1039-1197) – Leaning Tower, Pisa (1173-XIV) – Duomo, Cefalu (1131-XV) – Duomo, Pisa (1013-1180) – Cappella Palatina, Palermo (1132) – S. Clemente, Roma (1100) – Duomo, Trani (1150-1250) – Antelami: +Battistero, Parma – La Zisa castle, Palermo (1154) (1196), transition to gothic – Duomo, Monreale (1174-1186) – S. Francesco, Assisi (1228-XIV) – Duomo, Firenze (1296-1436) 30 – Campanile, Firenze (1334-59) What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque art in Italy – S. Marco, Venezia (1094-XVII) 31 • Romanesque art in Italy – S. Ambrogio, Milano (1080) – S. Zeno, Verona (1123-1398) – Battistero, Firenze (XII) – Leaning Tower, Pisa (1173-XIV) – Duomo, Pisa (1013-1180) – S. Francesco, Assisi (1228-XIV) – Antelami: Battistero, Parma (1196) Romanesque in Northern Italy 32 • Romanesque art in Italy – Duono, Firenze (1296-1436) – Campanile, Firenze (1334-59) – Duomo, Trani (1150-1250) – Duomo, Amalfi (1203) Romanesque in Italy 33 Romanesque in Italy • Castel del Monte (1240) • Monreale 34 Romanesque in Italy Palazzo Vecchio, Firenze (1299) Laurana's Palazzo di Urbino (1465) 35 Kremlin in 1330, Vasnetsov Kremlin National Geographic, 36 Jan 1990 .