Rainer Dormels (2014) Profiles of the cities of DPR Korea – Chongjin This work was supported by the Academy of Korean Studies (KSPS) Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOE) (AKS-2011-BAA-2105) Find an introduction to the project at http://www.univie.ac.at/koreanologie/index.php?id=digital-north-korea0 This work has been published as a chapter in: Rainer Dormels (2014): North Korea's Cities. Jimoondang. Seoul. IV.2.20. Chongjin Port and industrial city established under Japanese rule &KRQJMLQLVWKHFDSLWDORI+DPEXN3URYLQFHDQGRQHRIWKHIRXU1RUWK.RUHDQFLWLHVZLWK PRUHWKDQLQKDELWDQWV,WLVDFLW\RIQRQIHUURXVPHWDOVPHOWLQJ7KHSRUWZDVEXLOW DWWKHWLPHRI-DSDQHVHUXOHRYHU.RUHD Table Chongjin-I. Basic data Population 667,929 (Rank 4) Area 1,591 km² (Rank 4) Population density 420 I./km² (Rank 17) Administrative units 93 dong / 14 ri (87%) (Rank 2) “Urban” population / “rural” population 92.1%/7.9% (Rank 3) $W¿UVW&KRQJMLQZDVQRWKLQJPRUHWKDQDVPDOO¿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¿VKHU\SURGXFWV,QSDUWLFXODUWKHSRUWRI&KRQJMLQ ZDVRIPDMRUVWUDWHJLFPLOLWDU\LPSRUWDQFHDVDVXSSO\URXWHIRUWKH-DSDQHVHLQWRWKH 1RUWK$OUHDG\LQDODUJHPLOLWDU\EDVHLQ5DQDPZDVEXLOW,QWKLVFRQWH[WWKHSRUW RI&KRQJMLQZDVHVVHQWLDODVDODQGLQJSODFHIRUDQ\JRRGV,QDGGLWLRQWKHDGYDQWDJHRXV QDWXUDOFRQGLWLRQVGXHWRWKHGHSWKRIWKHVHDDQGWKHQDWXUDOSURWHFWLRQIURPZLQGVE\ 6VDQJ\ǂQVDQDQG&KǂQPDVDQLQWKH1RUWKHQFRXUDJHGWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDSRUW <XQ -ǂQJVǂS Figure Chongjin-I. Chongjin around 1915 (Source: Yun J ǂng-s ǂp 1987, 128) )LJXUH&KRQJMLQ,VKRZVWKHEXLOWXSXUEDQDUHDRI,WEHFRPHVFOHDUWKDWWKH ROGHVWSDUWVRIWKHFLW\DUHORFDWHGLQUHJLRQVWKDWDUHQRZSDUWRI6LQDQNX\RN LQWKH(DVW WKHEXLOWXSDUHDVDWWKHIRRWKLOOQRUWKRIWKHPKLJK.RPDOVDQ DQGWRGD\¶V3KRKDQJ ,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD NX\RN LQWKH:HVWWKHEXLOWXSDUHDVEHWZHHQWKH&KǂQPDVDQDQGWKHVWDWLRQ 7KHEXLOW XSXUEDQDUHDJUDGXDOO\H[SDQGHGZHVWZDUGWRZDUGWKH6XVǂQJSODLQ)DFWRU\VXEXUEV IRUPHGLQWKHZLGHÀDWULYHUYDOOH\RIWKH6XVǂQJFKǂQ ZKLFKDOPRVWUHDFKHG5DQDQ ZKLFKLVORFDWHGNPVRXWKRI&KRQJMLQ 7KHGHYHORSPHQWRI&KRQJMLQZDVDFFHOHUDWHGE\WKHFRQQHFWLRQWRWKH.RUHDQUDLO QHWZRUN DQGE\WKHRSHQLQJRIWKHUDLOZD\OLQHWR&KDQJFKXQ /DXWHQVDFK Table Chongjin-II. Population development according to Lautensach (1945, 203) Chongjin Inhabitants 1913 8,000 1928 23,407 1938 72,353 &KRQJMLQGHYHORSHGLQWRRQHPDMRUILVKODQGLQJVLWH$QGLWGHYHORSHGLQWRDQ LQGXVWULDOFLW\DVZHOO Ɣ RUHVIURPWKHUHJLRQ0XVDQZHUHSURFHVVHGLQWKHLURQZRUNV Ɣ GXHWRWKHWLPEHUUHVRXUFHVRIWKHKLQWHUODQGDQDUWL¿FLDOVLONIDFWRU\ZDVEXLOW Ɣ VHYHUDOPLOOVSURFHVVHG0DQFKXULDQVR\EHDQVLQWRRLODQGSUHVVFDNH Ɣ ILVKSURFHVVLQJFRPSDQLHVHPHUJHGZKLFKSURGXFHGILVKRLOILVKPHDORLO VDUGLQHVDQGRWKHUFDQQHG¿VK /DXWHQVDFK 7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH-DSDQHVHPLOLWDU\WRZQ5DQDPVRXWKRI&KRQJMLQKDGDOUHDG\ VWDUWHGLQ,Q5DQDPEHFDPHWKHVHDWRIWKH3URYLQFLDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQRI +DPJ\RQJSXNWR ,Q5DQDPEHFDPHSDUWRI&KRQJMLQSX,QWKHUHZHUH VHYHUDOUHVWUXFWXULQJVLQZKLFK&KRQJMLQZDVGLYLGHGDQGWKH5DQDPVLFUHDWHG5DQDP 7KH6XVǂQJFKǂQIORZVWKURXJKWKHVWUXFWXUHGYDOOH\EHWZHHQWKH+DPJ\RQJPRXQWDLQUDQJHDQGWKH +RHU\RQJKLOOVDQGÀRZVDWǁKDQJGRQJ 6XQDPNX\RN LQWRWKHVHD,QWKHYLFLQLW\RIWKHZDWHUPRXWKWKH 6XVǂQJSODLQKDVIRUPHG /DXWHQVDFKHPSKDVL]HVWKHIDFWWKDW&KRQJMLQZDVH[SDQGHGWRDQLQGXVWULDOFLW\LQFRQWUDVWWR5DMLQDQG8QJJL ZKLFKFDQEHSURYHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWLQ5DMLQRIWKHWXUQRYHURIWKHWUDQVLWJRRGVDUHIURP0DQFKXULD ZKLOHWKHVKDUHLQ&KRQJMLQLVRQO\DW /DXWHQVDFK )URPWR.\RQJVRQJZDVWKHVLWHRIWKHSURYLQFLDODGPLQLVWUDWLRQRI+DPEXN%XWWKLV.\RQJVRQJ LVQRWWKHVDPHVLWHDVWKHSUHVHQW.\RQJVRQJXS,QWKHFRXUVHRIH[WHQVLYHUHJLRQDOUHRUJDQL]DWLRQLQ -XǎOEHFDPHWKHQHZDGPLQLVWUDWLYHFHQWHURI.\RQJVRQJNXQDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\ZDVUHQDPHG.\RQJVRQJXS RQWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHFXUUHQW.\RQJVRQJXSZKLFKZDVORFDWHGDWWKHQRUWKHUQHGJHRIWKHUHGHVLJQHGGLVWULFW EHFDPH6ǎQJDPULDQGZDVFRQYHUWHGLQWRWKH6ǎQJDPURGRQJMDJXRI.\RQJVRQJNXQ ,3$ 1RUWK.RUHD¶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¿QDOO\UHWXUQHGKRPH -DQJ6HKXQE City development in the plain of Sus ǂng-ch ǂn 7KHFLW\DUHDFRQVLVWVPDLQO\RIPHGLXPKLJKDQGORZPRXQWDLQVH[FHSWIRUWKHIRRWKLOOV RIWKH+DPJ\ǂQJPRXQWDLQFKDLQWKDWUXQVQRUWKZHVWRIWKHFLW\DQGDUHRFFXSLHGE\WKH VHDFRDVWDQGIORRGSODLQVDVZHOO7KHPRVWPRXQWDLQRXV NX\RN RIWKHFLW\DUH3X\XQ &KRQJDP6RQJSKRQJDQG6LQDP,Q3X\XQWKHUHDUHVHYHUDORIPRXQWDLQVRYHUP DQGWKH.RVǂQJVDQ P LVWKHKLJKHVWPRXQWDLQLQWKHFLW\7KHODUJHVWSODLQLQWKH FLW\LVWKH6XVǂQJSODLQ NPð $WWKHERUGHUVRIWKHWULDQJXODUDOOXYLDOSODLQDWWKH(DVW 6HDERUGHUZKHUH6XVǂQJFKǂQÀRZVWKURXJKLQPDQ\DUPV&KRQJMLQDQG5DQDPKDYH GHYHORSHG 7KHFOLPDWLFDQGWRSRJUDSKLFFRQGLWLRQVIRUDJULFXOWXUHDUHEDGZKLFKQDUURZVGRZQ ULFHFXOWLYDWLRQ7KHUHIRUHJUDLQPXVWEHVXSSOLHGIURPRWKHUSURYLQFHVLQWKHVRXWKZHVW RIWKHFRXQWU\ZKLFKLVQRWXQSUREOHPDWLFGXHWRODFNRIIXHODQGGH¿FLHQWLQIUDVWUXFWXUH $VDQLQGXVWULDOFLW\&KRQJMLQZDVWKHUHIRUHSDUWLFXODUO\DIIHFWHGE\WKHIDPLQHLQWKH VZKLFKHYHQPRWLYDWHGDQ$PHULFDQMRXUQDOLVWWRFKRRVH&KRQJMLQDVWKHVHWWLQJIRU DQRYHO 2IVSHFLDOQRWHZRUWKLQHVVLVWKH0DMǂQ'HHU)DUPLQ0DMǂQGRQJ &KRQJDPNX\RN 7KH\IRFXVRQWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJRISURGXFWVPDGHIURPGHHUDQWOHUV6HWXSLQ WKLVIDUPZDVWKH¿UVWWKDWKDGVSHFLDOL]HGLQWKHEUHHGLQJRIGHHU ,3$ $QG ILVKLQJLVRILPSRUWDQFH7KH&KRQJMLQ)LVKHU\VWDWLRQLVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWFRPSDQ\ 7KHGLIIHUHQFHVRIRSLQLRQDUHUHODWHGWRWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDSDUWPHQWEXLOGLQJVLQORZO\LQJDUHDV,QWKHSODLQV ZKHUHWKHXUEDQL]HGDUHDOLHVH[SHULHQFHKDVVKRZQDULVNRIÀRRGLQJLQKHDY\UDLQGXHWRWKHORZO\LQJWHUUDLQ 7KH3ROLVKH[SHUWVKDGWKXVDGYLVHGWKDWLWZRXOGEHEHWWHULQVWHDGRIEXLOGLQJZLWKRXWSURWHFWLYHPHDVXUHVD RQHVWRULHGKRXVHWRLQFUHDVHWKHJURXQGWRDERYHVHDOHYHODQGWKHQEXLOGIRXUWR¿YHVWRUH\PXOWLIDPLO\ KRXVHV%XWVLQFHPDWHULDOVDQGFDSLWDOZDVPLVVLQJDQGWKHKRXVLQJVKRUWDJHJUHZWKH1RUWK.RUHDQDXWKRULWLHV KDYHUHYLHZHGWKHVHSURSRVDOVDVEH\RQGUHDOLW\DQGUHMHFWHGWKHVHSURSRVDOVDIWHUVHYHUDO\HDUVRIGHEDWHDQG SXUVXHGDVWUDWHJ\RIFRQVWUXFWLQJOLYLQJURRPWRGLVWULEXWHUDSLGO\DQGLQODUJHTXDQWLWLHVWRWKHSRSXODWLRQ$VD UHVXOWZKHQLWUDLQVLQSDUWVRIWKH NX\RN 3KRKDQJDQG6LQDPZDWHUÀRZVEDFNXSIURPWKHVHZHUVDQGLWFRPHV WRÀRRGLQJ -DQJ6HKXQE 'HPLFN ,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD ZLWKLQWKHFLW\LQWKLVLQGXVWU\(VSHFLDOO\WKHVDUGLQHILVKLQJKDVDORQJWUDGLWLRQLQ &KRQJMLQ Table Chongjin-III. Climate values Annual average January temperature August temperature Precipitation 8.1°C (22) -5.5°C (12) 21.5°C (24) 594 mm (25) 7KHWHPSHUDWXUHYDOXHVVKRZVWKDW&KRQJMLQFRXQWVDVRQHRIWKHFROGHVWFLWLHVLQWKH FRXQWU\DOWKRXJKWKHZLQWHUVDUHUHODWLYHO\PLOG “City of Iron” 7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWLQGXVWULDOVHFWRURIWKHFLW\LVLURQVPHOWLQJ 7KH.LP&KDHN,URQ DQG6WHHO&RPSOH[HQMR\VQDWLRQZLGHUHFRJQLWLRQ2WKHULPSRUWDQWLQGXVWULDOVHFWRUVDUH WKHVKLSEXLOGLQJLQGXVWU\DVZHOODVWKHFKHPLFDODQGHOHFWULFDOLQGXVWU\)XUWKHUPRUH EXLOGLQJPDWHULDOVVXFKDVEULFNVFHPHQWDQGÀDWJODVVDUHPDQXIDFWXUHGLQ&KRQJMLQ7KH OLJKWLQGXVWU\LVUHSUHVHQWHGE\IRRGIDFWRULHVLQHDFK NX\RN WH[WLOHIDFWRULHVDQGIDFWRULHV IRUHVVHQWLDOJRRGV7KHUHDUHDOVRVHYHUDOPLQHVLQ5DQDPNX\RN0DMRUPLQLQJSURGXFWV IURP&KRQJMLQDUHQLFNHODQGOLPHVWRQHDPRQJVWRWKHUV Table Chongjin-IV. Ranking (in parenthesis: number of industrial establishments or cultural institutions) Chongjin KOFC MOU IPA KCNA KIET Summary Companies - 4 (32) 6 (33) 6 (26) 5 (21) 4 (93) 4 total Companies - 4 (9) 3 (7) 6 (10) 4 (35) 4 (16) important Cultural in- 10 (14) stitutions Table Chongjin-V. Ranking (Total number of industrial companies in relation to population) Chongjin KOFC MOU IPA KCNA KIET Summary Companies - total 17 23 16-21-17 16 9 -11 19-17 $FFRUGLQJWR1RUWK.RUHDQLQIRUPDWLRQ .-< WKHPLQLQJLQGXVWU\ZDVZLWKRIWKH WRWDOSURGXFWLRQRXWSXWWKHFLW\¶VPRVWLPSRUWDQWLQGXVWU\LQIROORZHGE\IRRGPDQXIDFWXULQJ PHWDOOXUJ\ DQGWKHFKHPLFDOLQGXVWU\ ,QWKHPHWDOOXUJ\ZDVDOUHDG\WKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW LQGXVWU\ZLWKIROORZHGE\WKHFKHPLFDOLQGXVWU\ DQGHQJLQHHULQJLQGXVWU\ 7KHOLJKW LQGXVWU\ZDVRIFRQVLGHUDEOHLPSRUWDQFHWRR IRRGLQGXVWU\WH[WLOHV WKHPHWDOOXUJ\WKHQ WRRNDGRPLQDQWSRVLWLRQZLWKIROORZHGE\PLQLQJ DQGWKHPDFKLQHU\LQGXVWU\ 1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV Table Chongjin-VI. Specification (in parenthesis: number of industrial companies) Chongjin Light Industry Heavy Industry Mining Energy KOFC 17 (6) 12 (21) 12 (1) 5 (4) MOU 16 (17) 5 (14) - 4 (2) IPA 14 (12) 12 (11) 13 (1) 6 (2) KCNA 18 (6) 6 (11) - 6 (4) KIET 16 (36) 11 (49) 16 (4) 8 (4) $FFRUGLQJWRWKHLQGXVWULDOFRPSDQLHVUDQNLQJ&KRQJMLQ LQKDELWDQWV LVLQ WKUHHRIWKH¿YHLQYHVWLJDWHGVRXUFHVEHKLQGFLWLHVWKDWKDYHPXFKVPDOOHUSRSXODWLRQ,Q WKH028ZKHUHUHODWLYHO\PDQ\FRPSDQLHVRIOLJKWLQGXVWU\DUHLQFOXGHGLWLVVXUSDVVHG E\WKHOLJKWLQGXVWULDOFLWLHVRI6LQXLMX LQKDELWDQWV DQG.DHVRQJ LQKDELWDQWV LQWKH,3$E\.DHVRQJDQGLQWKH.&1$E\.DQJJ\H LQKDELWDQWV D FLW\WKDWSOD\VDPDMRUUROHIRUWKHVWDWHSURSDJDQGDRI1RUWK.RUHD ³.DQJJ\HVSLULW´ ,Q VRXUFHVWKDWLQFOXGHUHODWLYHO\PDQ\KHDY\LQGXVWU\FRPSDQLHV&KRQJMLQFDPHLQIRXUWK SODFHLQWKHLQGXVWULDOFRPSDQLHVUDQNLQJDVZHOODVLQWKHSRSXODWLRQUDQNLQJ$OVR7DEOH &KRQJMLQ9PDNHVLWFOHDUWKDW&KRQJMLQLVDFLW\RIKHDY\LQGXVWU\