Artemisia Communities in Arid Zones of Uzbekistan (Central Asia) Lyubov A. Kapustina Montserrat Torrell Joan Vallès Abstract—Central Asia, and particularly the former Soviet Middle mapping methods. In addition to the location of Artemisia Asian countries, with more than 180 taxa (45 endemics), is one of the species and communities in Uzbekistan (fig. 1), we present centers of origin and speciation of the genus Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, some data on general distribution, ecology, chemical compo- Anthemideae). Several species of this genus, mainly belonging to sition, chromosome numbers, and uses of the main taxa of subgenus Seriphidium (Besser) Rouy, are shrubs that dominate the the genus (table 1). landscape and form large communities in arid (desertic, semidesertic, The species belonging to the subgenus Seriphidium, which steppic, and other) zones of this region. Arid lands constitute includes most of the Central Asian taxa of Artemisia that are approximately 90 percent of the territory of Uzbekistan, and there relevant in the landscape, have some elements of xeric are approximately 40 Artemisia species. In this paper we present a structure: tomentose leaves, biological repose in summer, characterization of some of these species (including six Central and the possibility to expel essential oils in hot weather for Asian endemics) and communities, with ecological, chorological plant protection from excessive heating due to very high (with a distribution map), biogeographical, cytogenetic, and chemi- temperatures. Species of this subgenus have three vegeta- cal data. We also include some references to plant use and manage- tion phases: (1) mesothermic (in spring) for growing and ment in these areas. development, (2) xerothermic (in summer) for biological repose, and (3) microthermic (in autumn and winter) for seed production and death of the inflorescences. The struc- ture of A. ferganensis, A. porrecta, and A. serotina is simpler, because they have only a very small woody perennial stem Introduction ____________________ (Mailun 1976). Most of the species in this subgenus are The region of our investigation belongs to the Turanian (or predominant in vegetation and good forage plants for live- Aralo-Caspian) and Turkestanian Provinces of the Irano- stock. Dry mass content of the forage plants of desert Turanian region in the Tethyan (Ancient Mediterranean) shrubland with predominating Artemisia species varies floristic subkingdom (Takhtajan 1986). The Middle Asiatic from 1.3 to 2.6 centner per hectare. Forage plant dry mass Desert includes the Irano-Turanian Desert region that occu- protein content varies from 0.15 to 0.09 centner per hectare. pies the southern portion of the Aralo-Caspian Desert and Some species are used for other purposes, such as A. juncea the southern part of Kazakhstan, including Dsungaria. The (medicine and perfumery) and A. serotina (soap-boiling) Central Asiatic Desert comprises a part of Dsungaria, the (Larin 1937; Goryaev and others 1962). Gobi Desert, the western part of Ordos on the great bend of Essential oil content of Artemisia species predominating the Hwan-Ho, Ala-Schan, Bei-Schan, and the Tarim basin in vegetation in different zones of Uzbekistan varies from (Kaschgaria), together with the Takla-Makan Desert and 0.32 to 3.1 percent, the highest concentrators being A. dracun- the more elevated Tsaidan basin (Walter 1979). culus (up to 3.1 percent), A. ferganensis (up to 2.1 percent), and One hundred and eighty Artemisia species are present in A. porrecta (up to 1.5 percent) (Goryaev and others 1962). Middle Asia, 45 of which are endemic to this zone (Poljakov Camphor is present in the essential oils of A. leucodes (93 1961b). From these taxa, 36 grow in Uzbekistan, some of percent), A. ferganensis (85 percent), and A. porrecta them in desert or semidesert zones, and others in mountain (37 percent); cinneol in A. serotina (78 percent), A. porrecta zones. The existence of 19 Middle Asian endemic species of (47 percent), and A. leucodes (35 percent); and thujone in the genus (Vvedenskii 1962) is remarkable in Uzbekistan. A. baldshuanica (60 percent) (Goryaev and others 1962). Investigations of the Artemisia species and their distribu- Flavonoids are present in A. leucodes, A. dracunculus, and tion were carried out using basic ecogeographical and A. serotina; sesquiterpene lactones in A. tenuisecta, A. san- tolina, A. serotina, A. juncea, and A. leucodes; coumarins in A. porrecta, A. diffusa, and A. dracunculus; acetylenes in A. turanica and A. dracunculus (Marco and Barberá 1990). Essential oil concentration in weed species varies from In: McArthur, E. Durant; Fairbanks, Daniel J., comps. 2001. Shrubland ecosystem genetics and biodiversity: proceedings; 2000 June 13–15; Provo, 0.34 percent (A. tournefortiana and A. annua) to 1 percent UT. Proc. RMRS-P-21. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest (A. vulgaris, A. scoparia, and A. absinthium—up to 2 per- Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Lyubov A. Kapustina,Botanical Garden and Botanical Institute, Academy cent) (Goryaev and others 1962). Most of these weed species of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 32, F. Khodzhaev str. Tashkent also contain acetylenes, coumarins, flavonoids and sesquit- 700143, Uzbekistan. Current address: 4636 Laurel Ave., Glenview, IL 60026- erpene lactones (Marco and Barberá 1990). 1417. Montserrat Torrell and Joan Vallès, Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. 104 USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-21. 2001 Artemisia USDA Forest ServiceProceedings RMRS-P-21. 2001 CommunitiesinAridZonesofUzbekistan(CentralAsia) Kapustina,Torrell,andVallès Figure 1—Distribution of the most widespread Artemisia in Uzbekistan: communities dominated by Artemisia species (1–14) and weed taxa of this genus (15–21). 1. Artemisia terrae-albae with Anabasis salsa, Salsola orientalis, and Haloxylon ammodendron on gypsum gray-brown soils. 1 A. Artemisia terrae-albae with Haloxylon persicum, Calligonum setosum, and Carex physodes on sandy desert soils. 2. Artemisia diffusa with Calligonum leucocladum, Astragalus villosissimus, and Carex physodes on sandy desert and sandy gray-brown soils. 10. Artemisia baldshuanica with Carex pachystylis, Amygdalus bucharica, Otostegia 2A. Artemisia diffusa with Salsola orientalis, Carex pachystylis, Salsola arbuscula, and Ferula foetida bucharica, and Pistacia vera on dark serozem soils. on gray- brown soils. 11. Artemisia lehmanniana with Festuca sulcata on light-brown soils. ✩ 3. Artemisia turanica with A. diffusa, Carex pachystylis, Poa bulbosa, Salsola arbuscula, and 12. Artemisia dracunculus with Cousinia allolepis, C. macilenta, Acanthophyllum alatavicum, S. orientalis on gray-brown soils. Festuca sulcata, and Prangos pabularia on light-brown soils. 4. Artemisia santolina with Carex physodes and Mausolea eriocarpa on sandy desert soils. 13. Artemisia porrecta with Carex pachystylis, Salsola sclerantha, Phlomis thapsoides, 5. Artemisia juncea with A. diffusa, Ceratoides latens, Convolvulus fruticosus, Astragalus scleroxylon, and Eremostachys eriocalyx on serozem soils, sometimes slightly salty. Zygophyllum atriplicoides, and Salsola arbusculiformis on gray-brown soils of the low mountain ● 14. Artemisia persica with Cerasus verrucosa, Dactylus glomerata, Poa nemoralis, Agro- slopes. pyron trichophorum, and Origanum tyttanthum on chernozem soils. 6. Artemisia ferganensis with A. diffusa, Halocharis hispida, and Climacoptera longistylosa, on 15. Artemisia sieversiana. saltiest light serozem soils. 16. Artemisia scoparia. 7. Artemisia leucodes with A. diffusa, Convolvulus hamadae, and Astragalus villosissimus. 17. Artemisia tournefortiana. 8. Artemisia sogdiana with Carex pachystylis, Poa bulbosa, Bromus danthoniae, Ceratocarpus 18. Artemisia annua. utriculosus, and Vulpia myuros on typical serozem soils. n 19. Artemisia absinthium. 9. Artemisia tenuisecta with Elytrigia trichophora, Prangos pabularia, Inula grandis, and Amygdalus 20. Artemisia vulgaris. 105 spinosissima on typical and dark serozem soils. ▲ 21. Artemisia serotina. 9A. Artemisia tenuisecta with Juniperus seravschanica, J. semiglobosa, and Elytrigia trichophora on typical brown soils. 106 Kapustina, Torrell,and Vallès Table 1—Systematic, chorological, ecological, chemical, and karyological data on Uzbek Artemisia species, and main uses of these taxa (information drawn from references and our personal knowledge). Species Chromosome Subgenus (and life form) Distribution area Ecology Chemical composition Utilization number (2n) Artemisia A. vulgaris L. Central Asia, Siberia Weed species, from plain Essential oil containing cinneol, thujone, Food for livestock, 16 (perennial) China, Afghanistan, up to the middle zone of paraffin, and borneol. Acetylenes, rabbit, beaver, gopher, Japan, India, Caucasus, mountains, river beaches, coumarins, flavonoids, and sesquiterpene marmot. Used for North America, gardens, and meadows lactones. Root contains inulin, tannic medical purposes by Mediterranean region, substances, and resin. Leaves contain local people. Leaves and Mongolia, West Europe, vitamins A and C. stems are used as a European part of the condiment for meat dishes. former Soviet Union A. persica Boiss. Central Asia (Tian-Shan, Road metal slopes from foot Essential oil containing pinene, Mountain specimens of 18 (perennial) Pamir-Alai), Iran, Tibet, up to middle zones of the camphorene, camphor, borneol, and this species can be used Afghanistan