AN{ELiIOAN.iOLiRNAL OF I'HYSI(IAL ANTHROPOLO(iY105:,181-.11}1 (191),e) CaptureTechniques and Morphological Measurements of the MonaMonkey (Cercopithecus mona\ on the lsland of Grenada,West lndies MARY E. cLENNi'aun KIITH J. BENSEN Wi rt tl u, a rd. I s I an rls rRcst:<rlt.lt o n <l E tl u t'a ti.o rt Fr t u t t d.at il n t, Rotslutre, NaLu Yorh 11 706 KEY WORDS guenon; Calibbean; morphometrics; sexual dimorphism; Ketaset; Rompun ABSTRACT Morphological measurements were collected from 12 wild and 12 captive mona rnonkeys(Cercopithecus rnona) on the Caribbean island of Grenada. Mona monkeys were introduced to Grenada from Africa approxi- mately 200 to 300 years ago during the slavc trade era. Wild monkeys were captured using either 1) a baited treadle-doortrap and anesthetic-filleddarts fired from a blowpipe, or 2) rifle-fired anesthetic-filled darts. All wild monkeys were released back into the forest after capture and were seen with their original groups within 24 hours of release. Captive rnonkeys were anesthe- tized using blowpipe-fired darts. A Ketaset/Rornpun mixture was bhc rnost effec:tiveanesthetic for wild monkeys while Ketaset alone was suitable for captive monkeys. Responses to and recovery times from both drugs varied among individuals. Data on eight linear body measurements,canine length, testicle size,and weight were collectedfrom all monkeys.Adult monkeyswerer significantly sexually dimorphic across all measurements. Mean adult male weight (i - 4.7, SD - 0.9, n - 13) was almost twice that of adult females (- : 2.8, SD - 0.8, n : 7). No significant dill'erencesin weight or measure- ments were found between adult wild and captive males. Preliminary comparisons with morphometrics for African C. mtnta from the literature showedthe upper limit of Grenada mona bod.vlength and weight to be smaller than that of African monas for both sexes. These differences may be due to genetic divergence, ecological adaptation, inter-African geogrrrphicvariation, and/or small sample sizes.Am J PhysAnthropol 105:481-491,1998. " 11)l)SWik,r, Liss. lrr. The mona monkey (.Cerutpithecusmona) 1996). During this time, the transport of' is a little studied, mediun-sized arboreal exotic animals from Africa for trade as pets guenon whose range in mainland AIi'ica lies was cornmon, although usually only a small between eastern Ghana and southwest Cam- number of'animals were carried as cargo at eroon (Booth, 1955, 1956; Hill, 1966; Oates, 1988). Introduced populations of C. mona are found on the African islands of SAoTom6 (llntlact glanl sponsors: Windward lslands Resctrch and and Principe in the Gulf of Guinea (Frade, IJducation Foundation; Thc Rockr:foller lJnivtrrsity; The Yerkcs Regional Primatc Research Oenter; l'he Foundation (br Field 1958). The rnona monkey was also intro- Resealcll Sigma Xi: Thc Scientific Research Society;'l'he Rc- search (lt ants Conrnrittec ofNorthwcslern lJniversitri duced to the Caribbean island of Grenada 'i'Correspondence to: Mary Fl. (llenn, Windward Islands (Fig. 1) sometime betweenthe late 17th and Rescareh and Ilducation Foundalion,11 East Main Slreet, Suile 15.1, IJayshore. NY 11706. Fax: (516) 968-1321. 18th centuries during the height of the E-mail: N'Ttrry1i1"nni, sgu.edu African slave trade to the Americas (Glenn. Rcceived l lt April ) 997; accept.t'd 22 November 1997. .r 1lrllsWILE)- LISS. IN('. 492 M.E. GLENN AND K.J. BENSEN onetime (Eaden,1931; Denham, 1982,1987). monkeys (13 adult males, 3 subadult males, Since its introduction to Grenada, the mona 7 adult females, and 1 subadult female) monkey has becomenaturalized and greatly between 28 April 1993 and 19 March 1995. increased in number on the island (Glenn, in Eight wild monkeys were captured near the press). field research station, a small house sur- No comprehensive studies of the mona rounded by forest and located in the center monkey had been made, either in its original of the 1,540-ha Grand Etang National Park African range or in its introduced island and Forest Reserve (12'6' N, 67"42' S\ ranges,previous to the authors'study ofthe (Fig. 1). Grenada C. mona population (e.g., Glenn Three of the wild monkeys were captured and Bensen, 1993; Glenn, 1996, 1997).The by placing a treadle-door trap baited with morphology of mona monkeys on Grenada bananas near the edge of the forest at the had never before been described, and mor- field research station. Once inside the trap, phological data from African populations of monkeys were anesthetized with 0.8 to 1.0 C. nutna are scattered and few. None of the ml Ketaset (ketamine hydrochloride, 100 infbrmation currently available in the litera- mg/ml; Bristol Laboratories, Syracuse, NY) ture on the morphology of'A{rican mona eiected from a blowpipe (Pneu Dart, Inc., monkeys was obtained from large sample Williamsport, PA) in a 1-m1, nonbarbed, sizesor constitutes a completeset of weight disposable dart with a I2.7 nm needle. and body measurements from one popula- Keiase't was chosen because of its effective- tion. ness and safetv (more than six times the In addition, while data regarding capture dose may be given without harming an methods for Old World terrestrial monkeys animal) (Glande. et al., 1991).Further injec- (Brett et al., 1982;Pearl, 1982;Horrocksand tions of Ketaset were given if the monkey Baulu, 1988),lemurs (Glander et al., 1992), r.€coveredfrom the original dose of' anes- and New World primates (Scott et al.,7976; thetic beforehandling was complete. Glander et al., 1991; Lemos dc Sa and Five of the wild monkeys were captured Glander, 1993; Savage et al., 1993; Camp- while in trees using a .22-cay.berca.tridge- bell and Sussman, 7994; Miiller and fired da.tinsrifle and nonbarbed,anesthetic- Schildger, 1994) are numerous, only one 1illed, dispo"sablel-ml darts with 12.7 mm paper describes capture techniqucs for an needles(pneu Dart, Inc., Williamsport, pA). :rrboreal Old World monkey (Jonesand Bush, Release of' the drug (f<lr blowpipe and rifle 1988)' darts) occurredupon contact when a charge This paper provides morphological mea- within the dart was set off. The darts wer.e surements forC. mona onGrenada, aswell loaded with a 5:1 mixture of Ketaset and as infbrmation on their capturc and release. Rompun (xylazine, 20 mg/ml; Bayer Corp., The morphometrics presented here provide Shawnee Mission, KS) with a doseof'approxi- baseline information to which that of other mately 0.2 ml per estimated kg body weight populations of C. mon.a may be compared. (Jones and Bush. lggg). Rompun. a musc]c Morphological data collected from a long- relaxant. was used in coniunction with isolated population ofguenons founded by a Ketasct to dart monkeys in trecs so that few individuals are valuable; when com- thev would relcase their grip on the-branches pared to those from the parent population, ,,rrj full to the sround (Huntsman, personal any morphological differences or similarities communication").Additional dosesof Ketaset found may provide clues as to what changes, were given if'monkeys began to recover from if any, may be expected in the first 100 the anesthetic before measuring procedures generations of isolation of a small guenon were complete. Mona monkeyi are active population. and nervous animals, ancl were ditficult MATERIALS AND METHODS darting targets in denseforest foliage.Thus, all darting attempts were done in the last capture year of the study when animals were most Morphological measurements were col- habituated; these were limited to monkeys lected from 12 wild and 12 captive mona within 20 m and in postures in which a good Fig. 1. Location of the island of Grenada. the Grand Etang National Park and Forest Reserve (indicated b-v-the solid-lined poll'gont and field station rindicated by dot t. 484 M.E. GLENN AND K.J. BENSEN shot at the thigh or rump was possible. Scott TABLE 1. Descriptiort of morphological rneasurernents (li'orn etal. (1976)and Glanderet al. (1991)recom- GLanderet al.. 1991) mended catching falling monkeys with a TaiI length is rneasuredon the ventral side I'r'omthe tip net; however, this was impractical ofthe tail texcluding the hair) to the junction ol the at Grand base ofthe tail with the perianal area. The tail is Etang becausethe understory was too dense completely extended straight out behind the animal. in most places to spread a net. Therefore, Body length is determined by subtracting TaiI Length from Tail-crotut lensth. which is measured liom the monkeys were not darted unless sitting on tip ofthe tail to the most antcriol point on thc head branches less than 6 m from the ground. in nolmal position(i.e., chin near thc chcsti. Once captured and anesthetized, monkeys Hirtdleg length is measured fi'onr the groin to tht end of the longest digit, excluding the nai1. were measured, released into the forest and Hittdfoot lenglh is measured f'rom the heel to the trnd of supervised until full recovery from the anes- the longest digit, excluding the nail. thetic was evident (i.e., when the monkey Big kte length.is measured from thejunction of skin :rnd big toe to thc tip ofthc big toc cxcludingthe nail couldwalk and climb with full musclecoordi- rvhenthe big toe is extendedpelpendicular to thc nation ). other dicits. Foreleg letigth is mcasurcd fi'orn the axillary legiun to Four of the 12 wild samples were recently the tip of the longesl,digit, excluding thc nail. shot monkeys obtained from hunters from Forefbot letrytlt is measured fiorn the proximal odgc ol' outside the study area. Carcasses were the friction pad nearest the wrist to the tip ol thc longest digit. excluding the nzril.