SNEAK PREVIEW For more information on adopting this title for your course, please contact us at: [email protected] or 800-200-3908 East Asia and the West East Asia and the West An Entangled History Xiaobing Li, Yi Sun, and Wynn Gadkar-Wilcox SAN DIEGO Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher David Miano, Acquisitions Editor Michelle Piehl, Senior Project Editor Berenice Quirino, Associate Production Editor Jess Estrella, Senior Graphic Designer Stephanie Kohl, Licensing Associate Natalie Piccotti, Senior Marketing Manager Kassie Graves, Vice President of Editorial Jamie Giganti, Director of Academic Publishing Copyright © 2020 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. For inquiries regarding permissions, translations, foreign rights, audio rights, and any other forms of reproduction, please contact the Cognella Licensing Department at [email protected]. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover images: Copyright © 2014 iStockphoto LP/EyeOfPaul. Copyright © 2015 iStockphoto LP/Thampapon. Giuseppe Castiglione, “The Qianlong Emperor in Ceremonial Armour on Horseback,” https://commons.wiki- media.org/wiki/File:The_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Ceremonial_Armour_on_Horseback.jpg, 1758. Copyright © 2015 Depositphotos/Kilroy. Printed in the United States of America. 3970 Sorrento Valley Blvd., Ste. 500, San Diego, CA 92121 Brief Contents Acknowledgments xiii Preface: How to Use This Textbook xv Part One: East Asia before European Expansion 1 Introduction to Part One Chapter 1 Ancient Kingdoms, Centralized Empires, and Foundational Concepts 3 Chapter 2 The Emergence of the Early East Asian Modern 21 Conclusion to Part One 35 Part Two: Early Modern Contact with the West 37 Introduction to Part Two Chapter 3 Adjusting to the West: Trade, Technology, and Christianity 39 Chapter 4 Fending Off the West 55 Conclusion to Part Two 69 Part Three: Confrontation and Westernization 71 Introduction to Part Three Chapter 5 Opium Wars, Boxers, and Revolutions 73 Chapter 6 Japan’s Meiji Transformation 85 Chapter 7 French Colonial Rule in Vietnam 95 Conclusion to Part Three 113 Part Four: Wars and Revolutions 115 Introduction to Part Four Chapter 8 Japan as Occupier and as Occupied 117 Chapter 9 Divided Loyalties: The Cold War in East Asia 129 Chapter 10 China’s Continuing Revolution (1955–1977) 155 Conclusion to Part Four 168 Part Five: The East Wind Prevails over the West Wind 171 Introduction to Part Five Chapter 11 New Japan and Two Koreas (1952–1997) 173 Chapter 12 The Second Indochina War (1954–1975) 195 Chapter 13 China and Vietnam: Reforms, Crises, and War (1976–1990) 223 Chapter 14 China: Evolving Economic Superpower 241 Conclusion to Part Five 256 Conclusion: East Asia in the Twenty-first Century 257 Selected Bibliography 267 Note on Transliteration 287 List of Maps 289 Index 291 Detailed Contents Acknowledgments xiii Preface: How to Use This Textbook xv Part One: East Asia before European Expansion 1 Introduction to Part One Chapter 1 Ancient Kingdoms, Centralized Empires, and Foundational Concepts 3 Ancient Kingdoms and Centralized Empires 4 China 4 Japan 7 Korea 8 Vietnam 9 Confucianism in the Classic and Middle Periods 10 The Tribute System in East Asia 15 Chapter 2 The Emergence of the Early East Asian Modern 21 Qing’s Military and Territorial Expansion 22 The Tokugawa Shogun and the Bakufu System 24 Vietnam: Confucian Transformation, Civil War, and Nam Tien (the Southward March) (1407–1650) 28 Choson Korea 31 Conclusion to Part One 35 Part Two: Early Modern Contact with the West 37 Introduction to Part Two Chapter 3 Adjusting to the West: Trade, Technology, and Christianity 39 Europeans Arrive in China (1500s–1800s) 40 Firearms in Japan (1500s–1700s) 45 Trade and Christianity in Two Vietnams (1600s–1700s) 47 Catholicism in Korea (1700s–1800s) 51 Chapter 4 Fending Off the West 55 Qing’s Isolationism and Canton System (1800–1864) 57 The Closing of Japan (1600s–1800s) 59 The Tay Son Uprising in Vietnam (1771–1802) 60 The Nguyen Dynasty and the Vicissitudes of Vietnamese Attitudes toward Europeans (1802–1841) 63 Western Gunboat Policy toward Korea (1800s) 65 Conclusion to Part Two 69 Part Three: Confrontation and Westernization 71 Introduction to Part Three Chapter 5 Opium Wars, Boxers, and Revolutions 73 The First Opium War and the Treaty of Nanjing 74 The Second Opium War, the Sino-French War, and the Self-Strengthening Movement 76 The Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Boxer Rebellion (1899–1900) 78 Sun Yat-sen and the 1911 Revolution 81 The Warlords (1916–1927) and the Republican Period (1927–1937) 82 Chapter 6 Japan’s Meiji Transformation 85 Perry’s Treaty and the Fall of the Shogunate (1853–1868) 86 Meiji, the Constitutional Monarchy (1868–1912) 87 Economic Reforms and Industrialization 88 Demographic Change and Education Reform 90 Military Development and Imperialism 91 The Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) and WWI in East Asia 93 Chapter 7 French Colonial Rule in Vietnam 95 Prelude: The Thieu Tri Era and the Tu Duc Succession Crisis (1841–1851) 96 The Franco-Spanish Invasion and the Treaty of Saigon 98 The Francis Garnier Affair and the Birth of French Indochina (1873–1885) 99 The First Phase of Resistance (1862–1897) 101 The Second Phase of Resistance (1897–1925) 103 The Third Phase of Resistance (1925–1939) 106 Conclusion to Part Three 113 Part Four: Wars and Revolutions 115 Introduction to Part Four Chapter 8 Japan as Occupier and as Occupied 117 The Colonization of Korea (1905–1945) 118 Invasion of Manchuria and the Total War with China (1931–1945) 121 Pearl Harbor, the Pacific War, and the Atomic Bombs (1941–1945) 123 The American Occupation of Japan (1945–1952) 125 Chapter 9 Divided Loyalties: The Cold War in East Asia 129 The Chinese Civil War (1946–1949) 130 The People’s Republic of China (1949–1954) 134 The Korean War (1950–1953) 137 Chinese Intervention and Truce Negotiations (1951–1953) 139 The Slow Rise of the Vietnamese Communism (1932–1945) 146 The First Indochina War (1946–1954) 149 Chapter 10 China’s Continuing Revolution (1955–1977) 155 Radical Movements in the Party-State (1954–1962) 156 The Sino-Soviet Split (the 1960s) 159 The Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) 162 The “Gang of Four” and Death of Mao (1976) 166 Conclusion to Part Four 168 Part Five: The East Wind Prevails over the West Wind 171 Introduction to Part Five Chapter 11 New Japan and Two Koreas (1952–1997) 173 Japan’s Economic Growth (1952–1965) 174 New Political Culture and Demographic Changes (1950s–1970s) 177 Economic Superpower (1965–1988) 179 New Foreign Policy and Japan-US Relations (1965–1988) 182 Social Changes and Economic Crisis (1980s–2000s) 185 Two Koreas 188 Chapter 12 The Second Indochina War (1954–1975) 195 The Geneva Accords (1954) 195 North Vietnam from “North-first” to “South-first” (1953–1960) 197 The First Republic in South Vietnam (1955–1963) 202 Escalation of the Second Indochina War (1963–1967) 209 The Tet Offensive, the Paris Peace Accords, and the Second Republic in South Vietnam (1967–1975) 214 Chapter 13 China and Vietnam: Reforms, Crises, and War (1976–1990) 223 Deng Xiaoping’s Returns and Reforms 225 Economic Growth and Opening to the West 228 Foreign Policy Initiatives: Vietnam, Hong Kong, and Macao 230 The 1989 Tiananmen Square Incident 231 The Third Indochina War and Economic Failure in a Unified Vietnam 234 Doi Moi in Vietnam (1986–2000) 237 Chapter 14 China: Evolving Economic Superpower 241 Jiang’s China: Political and Legal Reform 242 Banking Reforms, Foreign Investment, and Urbanization 244 Hu’s China: Economic Superpower 246 New Challenges: The Power of Party vs. the Rule of Law 251 Conclusion to Part Five 256 Conclusion: East Asia in the Twenty-First Century 257 Selected Bibliography 267 Note on Transliteration 287 List of Maps 289 Index 291 Acknowledgments any people at the University of Central Oklahoma (UCO) have contributed to this volume and deserve M recognition. First, Xiaobing Li would like to thank President Don Betz, Provost John F. Barthell, Dean of the College of Liberal Arts Catherine S. Webster, and Chairperson of the Department of History and Geography Katrina Lacher. They have been very supportive of the project over the past three years. The UCO faculty merit-credit program sponsored by the Office of Academic Affairs, as well as travel funds from the College of Liberal Arts, provided funding for our research and trips to conferences. The UCO Research, Creative, and Scholarly Activities (RCSA) grants sponsored by the Office of High-impact Practice, led by Director Michael Springer, made student research assistants available for the project during the past five years. UCO graduate students Ann Riley-Adams and Travis Chambers edited all the chapters. Brad Watkins prepared all the maps. Annamaria Martucci provided secretarial assistance. Li’s special thanks go to Director Peter D. Hershock, Asian Studies Development Program, East-West Center, and Dr. Shana Brown, Department of History, University of Hawaii, as codirectors of the 2017 and 2018 Faculty Development Seminars of the USDoE/UISFL. The program offers a prized addition to the existing literature on the most important topics of East Asian Studies. Li is deeply indebted to his wife, Tran, and their two kids, Kevin and Christina, who shared the burden of overseas traveling to East Asia in 2014–2017. At the University of San Diego, Yi Sun wishes to express her profound gratitude to all her colleagues in the History Department for their continuous and immeasurable support; their collective scholarly productivity has been forever inspiring.