FIRST EDITION Chronicling California A Primary Source Reader Edited by Päivi Hoikkala and Eileen V. Wallis California State Polytechnic University - Pomona Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Kassie Graves, Director of Acquisitions Jamie Giganti, Senior Managing Editor Jess Estrella, Senior Graphic Designer Gem Rabanera, Project Editor Alexa Lucido and Elizabeth Rowe, Licensing Coordinators Allie Kiekhofer and Chelsey Schmid, Associate Editors Copyright © 2017 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover image copyright © Ansel Adams / Copyright in the Public Domain. Depositphotos/garo_g. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-63487-969-9 (pbk) / 978-1-63487-970-5 (br) CONTENTS Guide to Figures and Tables xiii How to Analyze a Primary Source xix Preface xxiii 1. EARLY CALIFORNIA 2 Introduction 2 Native Oral Tradition 7 Reading 1, Constance Goddard Du Bois 7 “San Luiseño Creation Myth” Material Culture of Native Californians 12 European Perceptions 13 Reading 2, Friar Geronimo Boscana 14 “Of What Race of People Are These Indians?” Reading 3, Pablo Tac 16 “Conversion of the San Luiseños of Alta California” Pueblos, Missions, and Ranchos 22 Reading 4, Father Luis Jayme 23 Father Luís Jayme Criticizes the Treatment of Indians by Spanish Soldiers Reading 5 25 An Act of the Secularization of the Missions of California Reading 6, Guadalupe Vallejo 27 “Ranch and Mission Days of California” iv Chronicling California: A Primary Source Reader Questions for Study 33 Credits 33 2. AMERICAN EXPANSIONISM AND THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR 36 Introduction 36 Californios 40 American Views of California 41 Reading 7 41 William Garner Promotes Annexation of California The Bear Flag Revolt 43 Reading 8 43 “Excerpts from the Fremont Court Martial Trial” Reading 9 47 “The Bear Flag Revolt” War with Mexico 48 Reading 10 48 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Conflict Over Land 51 Reading 11 52 The Land Act of 1851, Sections 2–7 Questions for Study 54 Credits 55 3. CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH AND THE NEW ECONOMY 56 Introduction 56 Discovery of Gold 59 Reading 12 59 Captain Sutter’s Account of the First Discovery of Gold Reading 13 61 “The Gold Mine" v Forty-Niners 64 Reading 14, Alvin A. Coffey 65 “Pioneers of Negro Origin” Reading 15 67 “The Miner’s Ten Commandments” Women in the Gold Rush 71 Reading 16 71 Louise Clappe Writes About Vigilantism Reading 17 74 “The Foremothers Tell of Olden Times” Vigilante Justice 79 Reading 18, Hubert Howe Bancroft 79 “The Downieville Tragedy” Mining and the Environment 84 Reading 19 84 Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Co. Questions for Study 87 Credits 88 4. CONFLICT AND IDENTITY IN A NEW STATE 90 Introduction 90 Indigenous Californians in the New State 94 Reading 20 94 “Indian Troubles in El Dorado” Reading 21 95 “The Humboldt Butchery of Indian Infants and Women” Reading 22 96 Jane Sam (Wiyot) Witnesses the Indian Island Massacre Foreign-Born Miners 98 Interactions with the Chinese 99 Reading 23 99 “Why the Chinese Do Not Go” vi Chronicling California: A Primary Source Reader Views of Exclusion 102 Reading 24 102 The Chinese Exclusion Act Questions for Study 105 Credits 106 5. THE PARADOX OF PROGRESSIVISM 108 Introduction 108 Railroad Regulation 112 Reading 25, Beaumont Fairbank 112 Illustration: “The Right of Way” Hiram Johnson: Direct Democracy 113 Reading 26, John Harmon Cassell 113 Illustration: “All Done in 20 Minutes” Reading 27 114 “‘Bully Fight,’ Says Hiram Johnson: Lincoln-Roosevelt League Candidate Talks to Big Crowd in Berkeley” Progressive Political Reform 116 Reading 28 116 Good Government The Long Struggle for Women’s Suffrage 117 Reading 29 117 “The Argument Against Suffrage” Reading 30, Clara M. Schlingheyde 119 “Ballot for Women Will Compel None to Mix in Politics” Progressive Reform and Morality 121 Reading 31 121 California Civic League, Red Light and Injunction Bill Reading 32 122 “Red Light Abatement Declared Impossible: Manager of Granada Hotel Says to Scatter Women Will Bring Disastrous Results” Urban Growth and Water 123 Questions for Study 123 vii Credits 124 6. MYTH AND MODERNITY 126 Introduction 126 Mission Revival Style 130 Immigration Restriction 131 Reading 33 131 Webb-Haney Alien Land Law Reading 34 132 Immigration Act of 1924 Reading 35, V.S. McClatchy 137 “Guarding the Immigration Gates” Americanization 141 Reading 36 141 “A New Slant on Americanization” Images of Modernity 145 Hollywood 146 Reading 37, Charles Hanson Towne 146 “The Monstrous Movies” Reading 38, Harmon Stephens 148 “The Relation of the Motion Picture to Changing Moral Standards” Women in Hollywood 158 Questions for Study 159 Credits 159 7. THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEAL 162 Introduction 162 The Depression and the Dust Bowl 166 Reading 39, John Steinbeck 166 “The Harvest Gypsies” viii Chronicling California: A Primary Source Reader Reading 40, Charles L. Todd 169 “The ‘Okies’ Search for a Lost Frontier” Repatriation 173 Reading 41, Carey McWilliams 173 “Repatriados” Reading 42, Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Mexico City 176 Letter Distributed to San Diego’s Mexican and Mexican American Population Unrest Grows 177 Reading 43 177 “2 Killed, 115 Injured in San Francisco Strike” The New Deal 180 Dorothea Lange Photographs the Depression 181 Upton Sinclair and the Campaign to End Poverty in California (EPIC) 182 Reading 44, S.J. Woolf 182 “Upton Sinclair Describes His Evolution” Carey McWilliams Documents the Depression 185 Reading 45 185 The Good Doctor Reading 46 187 Ham and Eggs Questions for Study 191 Credits 191 8. WORLD WAR II 194 Introduction 194 Wartime Labor 197 Reading 47 197 Executive Order 8802: Prohibition of Discrimination in the Defense Industry Women and Wartime Employment 199 ix Zoot Suit Style 201 Japanese Americans and Internment 202 Reading 48, W.H. Anderson 203 “The Question of Japanese-Americans” Reading 49 204 Executive Order 9066: Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas Reading 50 205 Instructions to All Persons of Japanese Ancestry Reading 51 207 “What You and I Can Do About It” Images of Internment 209 Questions for Study 211 Credits 211 9. POSTWAR CALIFORNIA AND THE PROBLEM OF GROWTH 214 Introduction 214 Suburbia 218 Reading 52, Malvina Reynolds 218 “Little Boxes” Race and Education in California 219 Reading 53 219 Mendez v. Westminster Water and Growth 221 Reading 54 221 “Brown Vows to Resolve All Water Issues” Cold War Politics 223 Reading 55 223 State of California Loyalty Oath Reading 56 224 “La Canada Woman, Mother of 2, Heads Young Republicans in State” x Chronicling California: A Primary Source Reader Disneyland 227 Reading 57 227 “Dream Comes True in Orange Grove: Disneyland to Open Tomorrow” Popular Culture in Postwar California 230 Questions for Study 230 Credits 231 10. CONFLICTED CALIFORNIA 232 Introduction 232 Student Activism 236 Reading 58, Clark Kerr 236 “Things Start to Fall Apart” Reading 59, Mario Savio 239 “Thirty Years Later: Reflections on the Free Speech Movement” Housing Discrimination 246 Reading 60 246 William Byron Rumford Remembers Housing Discrimination in California Riots in Los Angeles 250 Reading 61, John McCone et al. 250 “The Crisis” Minority Activism 257 Reading 62, The Black Panther Party 258 “The Ten Point Plan” Reading 63 261 Indians of All Tribes, Petition to Support the Claim to Alcatraz Island Anti-War Protests 263 Farm Workers’ Struggle 264 Reading 64, César Chávez 264 Prayer of the Farm Workers’ Struggle Reading 65 265 Agricultural Labor Relations Board Fact Sheet Questions for Study 266 xi Credits 266 11. NEW ECONOMY, NEW IMMIGRANTS 268 Introduction 268 New Immigrants 271 Reading 66 271 Immigration Act Environmental Changes 273 Reading 67, Lee Dye 274 “Great Oil Spill in Santa Barbara” Changing Economy 277 Reading 68, Victor K. McElheny 277 “Revolution in Silicon Valley” Reading 69 280 California Constitution Article 13A Reading 70, Lee Green 281 “Don’t Be a ‘Girlie Man’” Questions for Study 283 Credits 284 12. CALIFORNIA ENTERS THE NEW MILLENNIUM 286 Introduction 286 Urban Unrest 291 Reading 71 291 Report of the Independent Commission of the Los Angeles Police Department Illegal Immigration 295 Reading 72, Pamela Burdman 295 “Closing the Door on Illegal Immigrants” Confronting a New Century 300 Reading 73 300 California Global Warming Solutions Act xii Chronicling California: A Primary Source Reader Indian Gaming 304 Reading 74 304 Excerpt from California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians Reading 75 308 “Rincon Band Becomes First California Tribe to Renegotiate Tribal-State Gaming Compact with Federal Courts” Battle over Gay Marriage 314 Questions for Study 315 Credits 315 GUIDE TO FIGURES AND TABLES 1. EARLY CALIFORNIA 2 Figure 1.1. Map of California Tribal Areas and Languages at the Time of Contact 3 Figure 1.2. Miwok Abalone Necklace 12 Figure 1.3. Pomo Cooking Basket 12 Figure 1.4. Maidu Fish Trap 12 Figure 1.5. Woman with Mortar and Pestle 12 Figure 1.6. Geographic Myth of California as an Island 13 Figure 1.7. Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff, “An Indian Dance at the Mission of San José in California,” (c. 1806) 13 Figure 1.8. Pablo Tac Depicts His People 16 Table 1.1. First Census of Los Angeles, 1781 22 Figure 1.9. View of the Presidio, San Francisco 23 2. AMERICAN EXPANSIONISM AND THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR 36 Figure 2.1. Pio Pico Family (1850) 40 Figure 2.2. Arcadia Bandini Sterns de Baker 40 Figure 2.3.