IPBES workshop on biodiversity and pandemic report FC.pdf 1 11/11/2563 BE 10:45 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Suggested citation Photo credits IPBES (2020) Workshop Report on Biodiversity and Cover: Shutterstock/Rich Carey (above), Pandemics of the Intergovernmental Platform on Shutterstock/Li Wa (below left) Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Daszak, P., Amuasi, Shutterstock/didesign021 (below center) J., das Neves, C. G., Hayman, D., Kuiken, T., Roche, B., Shutterstock/Production Perig (below right) Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Buss, P., Dundarova, H., Feferholtz, P. D-E: Shutterstock/Richard Whitcombe Y., Földvári, G., Igbinosa, E., Junglen, S., Liu, Q., Suzan, P. F: Earth Tree/Paul Hilton G., Uhart, M., Wannous, C., Woolaston, K., Mosig Reidl, P., P. H: pexels/Ivars (above), O’Brien, K., Pascual, U., Stoett, P., Li, H., Ngo, H. T., IPBES iStock/ClarkandCompany (below) secretariat, Bonn, Germany, DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4147317. 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Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) IPBES Secretariat, UN Campus Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, D-53113 Bonn, Germany Phone: +49 (0) 228 815 0570 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ipbes.net DISCLAIMER The IPBES Bureau and Multidisciplinary Expert Panel (MEP) authorized a workshop on biodiversity and pandemics that was held virtually on 27-31 July 2020 in accordance with the provisions on “Platform workshops” in support of Plenary-approved activities, set out in section 6.1 of the procedures for the preparation of Platform deliverables (IPBES-3/3, annex I). This workshop report and any recommendations or conclusions contained therein have not been reviewed, endorsed or approved by the IPBES Plenary. The workshop report is considered supporting material available to authors in the preparation of ongoing or future IPBES assessments. While undergoing a scientific peer-review, this material has not been subjected to formal IPBES review processes. IPBES WORKSHOP ON BIODIVERSITY AND PANDEMICS WORKSHOP REPORT CONTENTS Preamble 1 Executive Summary 2 Introduction 8 Sections 1: The relationship between people and biodiversity underpins disease 11 emergence and provides opportunities for pandemic prevention, control and response measures 2: Land use and climate change as drivers of pandemic risk and biodiversity loss 18 3: The wildlife trade, biodiversity and pandemics 23 4: Controlling pandemics relies on, and affects, biodiversity 33 5: Policy options to foster transformative change towards preventing pandemics 41 Appendix 53 References 54 Annex I: Scientific Steering Committee 80 II: List of participants 81 III: Workshop agenda 84 IV: Glossary 85 PREAMBLE The IPBES Bureau and Multidisciplinary Expert Panel, pandemics; 4) learning from nature to better control in the context of the extraordinary situation caused by pandemics; and 5) preventing pandemics based on the COVID-19 pandemic, and considering the role that a “One Health” approach. IPBES can play in strengthening the knowledge base on biodiversity, decided that IPBES would organize a The workshop participants selected by the IPBES “Platform workshop” on biodiversity and pandemics, in Multidisciplinary Expert Panel included 17 experts accordance with the procedures for the preparation of nominated by Governments and organizations following a IPBES deliverables, in particular decision IPBES-3/3, call for nominations and 5 experts from the ongoing IPBES annex I, section 6.1. on the organization of assessment of the sustainable use of wild species, the Platform workshops. assessment on values and the assessment of invasive alien species, as well as experts assisting with the scoping of This workshop, held virtually on 27-31 July 2020, provided the IPBES nexus assessment and transformative change an opportunity to review the scientific evidence on the assessments. In addition, resource persons from the origin, emergence and impact of COVID-19 and other Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the pandemics, as well as on options for controlling and Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), preventing pandemics, with the goal to provide immediate the Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade information, as well as enhance the information IPBES can in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), provide to its users and stakeholders in its ongoing and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification future assessments. (UNCCD) and the World Health Organization (WHO) attended the workshop. This workshop report supports IPBES Plenary-approved activities, and is considered supporting material to This workshop report has been prepared by all workshop authors in the preparation of ongoing or future IPBES participants and been subjected to several rounds of assessments, and, in particular, in the preparation of the internal review and revisions and one external peer scoping report for a future thematic assessment of the review process. interlinkages among biodiversity, water, food and health (decision IPBES-7/1, II). Technical support to the workshop has been provided by the IPBES secretariat. The workshop brought together 22 experts from all regions of the world, to discuss 1) how pandemics IPBES thanks the Government of Germany for the provision emerge from the microbial diversity found in nature; of financial support for the organization of the workshop and 2) the role of land-use change and climate change in production of the report. driving pandemics; 3) the role of wildlife trade in driving WORKSHOP REPORT 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Pandemics represent an existential threat to the health also drastically affect developed countries that depend and welfare of people across our planet. The scientific on globalized economies, as COVID-19’s impact on the evidence reviewed in this report demonstrates that United States of America and many European countries is pandemics are becoming more frequent, driven by currently demonstrating. a continued rise in the underlying emerging disease events that spark them. Without preventative strategies, Pandemics emerge from the microbial pandemics will emerge more often, spread more rapidly, diversity found in nature kill more people, and affect the global economy with • The majority (70%) of emerging diseases (e.g. more devastating impact than ever before. Current Ebola, Zika, Nipah encephalitis), and almost all pandemic strategies rely on responding to diseases known pandemics (e.g. influenza, HIV/AIDS, after their emergence with public health measures and COVID-19), are zoonoses – i.e. are caused by technological solutions, in particular the rapid design microbes of animal origin. These microbes and distribution of new vaccines and therapeutics. ‘spill over’ due to contact among wildlife, However, COVID-19 demonstrates that this is a slow livestock, and people. and uncertain path, and as the global population waits An estimated 1.7 million currently undiscovered for vaccines to become available, the human costs are • viruses are thought to exist in mammal and avian mounting, in lives lost, sickness endured, economic hosts. Of these, 631,000–827,000 could have the collapse, and lost livelihoods. ability to infect humans. Pandemics have their origins in diverse microbes carried • The most important reservoirs of pathogens with by animal reservoirs, but their emergence is entirely pandemic potential are mammals (in particular driven by human activities. The underlying causes of bats, rodents, primates) and some birds pandemics are the same global environmental changes (in particular water birds), as well as livestock that drive biodiversity loss and climate change. These (e.g. pigs, camels, poultry). include land-use change, agricultural expansion and intensification, and wildlife trade and consumption. Human ecological disruption and These drivers of change bring wildlife, livestock, and unsustainable consumption drive people into closer contact, allowing animal microbes pandemic risk to move into people and lead to infections, sometimes • The risk of pandemics is increasing rapidly, with outbreaks, and more rarely into true pandemics that