REPORT OF THE SURVEY ON SEXUAL DIVERSITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN NIGERIA BY INCRESE WITH FUNDING SUPPORT PROVIDED BY THE FORD FOUNDATION SEPTEMBER 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................... ix ES1.1: Introduction and statement of the problem .................................................. ix ES1.2 Research questions............................................................................................ ix ES1.3 Aims and objectives ........................................................................................... x ES1.7 Significance/justification ................................................................................... x ES2 Methodology .......................................................................................................... x ES 3.2 Findings from quantitative research.............................................................. xi ES3.3 Findings from qualitative data........................................................................ xii ES4 Recommendations ..............................................................................................xiii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Background ............................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Statement of the problem ....................................................................................... 3 1.4 Research questions.................................................................................................. 3 1.5 Aims and objectives ................................................................................................ 4 1.6 Specific objectives ................................................................................................... 4 1.7 Significance/justification ........................................................................................ 4 1.8 Scope and limitations.............................................................................................. 6 1.9 Project activities...................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................. 8 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 8 2.1 Sexuality defined..................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Continuum of Human Sexuality............................................................................ 9 2.3 Sexual identity ....................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Is Sexual Diversity Alien to Africa? .................................................................... 12 2.5 Sexual diversity in Nigeria ................................................................................... 14 2.5.1 Geographical distribution and Prevalence of Sexual diversity in Nigeria 14 2.5.2 Societal Attitudes towards Sexual diversity ................................................ 14 2.6 Laws that Prohibit Homosexuality...................................................................... 16 2.7 Law Enforcement.................................................................................................. 17 2.8 Religious and Community leaders....................................................................... 18 2.9 Nigeria International Civil and Political Human Rights Obligations.............. 18 CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................ 20 SURVEY INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS............................................................. 20 4.0 Introduction........................................................................................................... 20 4.1 Study Context........................................................................................................ 20 4.2 Media Analysis ...................................................................................................... 20 4.3 Qualitative Research............................................................................................. 25 4.4 Quantitative Survey.............................................................................................. 25 4.4.1 Study Sites....................................................................................................... 25 4.4.2 Study Sample.................................................................................................. 25 ii 4.4.3 Sampling procedure and Samples................................................................ 25 4.4.4 Listing.............................................................................................................. 26 4.5 Survey Instruments............................................................................................... 27 4.6 Pre-test ................................................................................................................... 27 4.7 Recruitment and Training ................................................................................... 28 4.8 Data management ................................................................................................. 28 4.9 Ethical Considerations.......................................................................................... 29 4.10 Limitations........................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................................... 30 FINDINGS FROM THE MEDIA ANALYSIS ............................................................ 30 4.0 Introduction........................................................................................................... 30 4.1 Assessment of media reports.......................................................................... 31 4.2 Incidents reported by the media.......................................................................... 31 4.3 Analysis of statements made by spokespersons.................................................. 32 Religious leaders....................................................................................................... 32 Policy makers............................................................................................................ 32 Human rights activists............................................................................................... 32 Government representative ....................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................ 39 FINDINGS FROM QUALITATIVE DATA................................................................ 39 5.1. The qualitative research participants ........................................................... 39 5.2. Sources of Information on selected issues..................................................... 39 5.2.1 Sources of Information about Sexuality and Sexual Rights ...................... 39 5.3 Age of Sexual Debut........................................................................................ 40 5.4 Range of Sexual Diversity .............................................................................. 41 5.5 Prevalence of Sexual diversity ............................................................................. 42 5.6 Regional, communal and institutional Knowledge, Behaviour & Attitude..... 42 5.7 Sexual rights .......................................................................................................... 44 5.8 Sexual rights abuses.............................................................................................. 45 5.9 Availability of services for sexual minorities................................................ 46 CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................... 48 RESEARCH FINDINGS FROM QUANTITATIVE DATA...................................... 48 6.0 Introduction........................................................................................................... 48 6.0.1 Sample selection ............................................................................................. 48 Section I: Respondent’s socio-demographic characteristics................................... 49 6.1.1 Age and sex distribution of respondents...................................................... 49 6.1.2 Age and sex distribution of respondents by regions ................................... 50 6.1.3 Educational Background of Respondents...................................................