A street of Muang Mai Market flooded with waste water on December 1, 2015 Preliminary Study on Muang Mai Market: Overview of Waste Water Management problems and Preliminary Recommendations for Muang Mai Market, the largest wholesale fresh market in Chiang Mai Municipality, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand December 2015 Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ 5 1. RATIONALE .................................................................................................................... 6 1.1. Wastewater management in Thailand .......................................................................... 6 1.2. Chiang Mai in general .................................................................................................. 7 1.2.1. Background .............................................................................................................. 7 1.2.2. Chiang Mai Creative City ........................................................................................ 10 1.2.3. Cultural Heritage UNESCO .................................................................................... 11 1.3. Study area: Muang Mai Market .................................................................................. 12 2. On-site Survey in Muang Mai Market ............................................................................ 14 2.1. Current Market Settings ............................................................................................. 14 2.1.1. Ownership Structure ............................................................................................... 14 2.1.2. Private Roads/Infrastructure ................................................................................... 16 2.1.3. Hygienic situation ................................................................................................... 17 2.1.4. Waste water and solid waste management in the market ...................................... 18 2.2. Prevention and Mitigation measures implemented by Governmental and Municipal bodies .................................................................................................................................. 21 2.3. Prevention and Mitigation measures implemented at another Fresh market: Chang Puek Market .......................................................................................................................... 24 2.4. Muang Mai Market Stakeholder Consultation and Stakeholder Mapping .................. 25 3. The Nexus Approach and Provisional Recommendations ........................................... 27 4. The Proposed Technical Approach ............................................................................... 29 4.1. Objective .................................................................................................................... 29 4.2. Technological description of a vacuum sewer ........................................................... 29 4.2.1. Design standard ..................................................................................................... 30 4.2.2. Advantages of vacuum sewer system .................................................................... 30 4.2.3. Comparison between vacuum system and septic tank system .............................. 31 4.2.4. Bio waste Grinder ................................................................................................... 32 4.3. Components and outputs ........................................................................................... 33 4.3.1. Proposed design of vacuum sewer network ........................................................... 33 4.3.2. Energy consumption ............................................................................................... 34 4.3.3. Location for vacuum station .................................................................................... 34 4.3.4. Transfer of technology ............................................................................................ 34 4.4. Cost calculations ........................................................................................................ 35 4.5. Comparing investment: Vacuum technology VS gravity system ................................ 35 4.6. Risks and operational problems ................................................................................. 35 5. Technical Assistance ..................................................................................................... 36 6. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 36 Annex 1: Description of septic tank ....................................................................................... 39 Annex 2: Cost calculation of vacuum sewerage system ....................................................... 40 Annex 3: Chiang Mai Municipality Sewerage System Master Plan ...................................... 41 Annex 4: Thailand Surface Water Standard ......................................................................... 42 Annex 5: DIN EN 1091 Vacuum Sewerage Systems Outside Buildings .............................. 43 Annex 6: List of Meetings and Interviews ............................................................................. 43 Annex 7: Assessment Form: Development and Upscaling of Healthy Market ..................... 44 Abbreviations list BMZ German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development CO2 Carbon dioxide CNC Chao Nua Market Company CFMA Chiang Mai Fresh Market Association CMU Chiang Mai University EM Effective Micro-organism GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) ISOC Internal Security Operations Command JKC Jae Krung Company M Meter MM Millimeter MoU Memorandum of Understanding MMC Muang Mai Market Company MSC Muang Samutr Market Company NTF Nexus Task Force ONEP Office of National Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning PCD Pollution Control Department PE Person Equivalent PVC Polyvinyl Chloride THB Baht (Thai currency) UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization WMA Wastewater Management Authority WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant Executive Summary Chiang Mai, Thailand, is one of the Nexus partner cities within the “Integrated Resource Management in Asian Cities: The Urban Nexus” Project, financed by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and implemented by GIZ. Chiang Mai is suffering from a precarious sanitation system (combined surface drainage and wastewater drainage with septic tanks) 1 . The problem magnifies when focusing on the wastewater management within ‘fresh’ or ‘wet’ markets throughout Chiang Mai, especially the Muang Mai Market. Muang Mai Market is one of 16 markets in Chiang Mai being the biggest of them and the only wholesale2 market. Wastewater and solid waste from Muang Mai Market are generated from distinct sources and activities which include meat, poultry, seafood preparation, preparation of fruit and vegetable and stall cleaning, preparation and consumption of food, waste water from cleaning the market floors and market streets, as well as public restrooms. The above mentioned waste water and organic solid waste are often discarded into the drainage system and cause heavy blockage within the market’s drainage/sewage system, which means that a rain shower can cause flooding in several areas of the markets. The contaminated water along with the rats and other disease carriers such as cockroaches and mosquitoes living inside the sewer, as well as the meat, seafood, and fish being exposed to flies and sometimes also soaked in formalin, cause serious hygiene concerns. Moreover, wastewater from Muang Mai market is being released into the nearest natural water way. Muang Mai Market has now become one of the main contributors to the contamination of Mae Kha canal which was once essential to the livelihood of Chiang Mai people. The released waste water contaminates the natural water way and affects the communities and establishments downstream as well as affects the overall image of Chiang Mai which in turn could decrease tourism and other economic and development gains of the city. The market ownership structure increases difficulties in solving waste water management problems in Muang Mai Market. Most people perceive that Muang Mai Market Company (MMC) owns the whole of Muang Mai Market. But in fact the actual area owned by MMC is very small relative to the individually owned commercial building areas. MMC used to own the whole area but during financial crisis in 1998 the company was forced by the banks to sell its properties. Therefore, most of the properties are now owned by other individuals or companies. These properties include commercial buildings, car parks, residential buildings, and fresh markets owned by other individuals or companies. Altogether 3 owners respectively own 3 licensed fresh markets in Muang Mai Market being Muang Mai Market Company (MMC), Muang Samut Market Company (MSC), and Chao Nua Market Company (CNC).However, some narrow streets and the partial sewerage system is still owned by MMC making it difficult to identify clear responsibilities between MMC and the Municipality. Another serious concern and one of the main problems of the market is encroachment of roads and walkways Commercial